Pope

Examples of Pope in the following topics:

• Rome and the Papal States

  • Rome was a center of Renaissance culture in the second half of the 15th century, and its Pope-Kings were important patrons of the arts.
  • The Renaissance began in Rome under Pope Nicholas V, who became Pontiff on March 19, 1447.
  • The Popes engaged artists like Michelangelo, Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.
  • Sixtus IV is considered the first Pope-King of Rome.
  • Assess the influence of the Popes as patrons of the arts

• The Development of Papal Supremacy

  • Celebration of Easter on a Sunday, as insisted on by the pope, is the system that has prevailed.
  • Pope Gregory I (c. 540–604) administered the church with strict reform.
  • The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperor for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine Greece, Byzantine Syria, or Byzantine Sicily.
  • With the exception of Pope Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur.
  • Throughout the rest of the Middle Ages, popes struggled with monarchs over power.

• The Western Schism

  • During that time, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope.
  • After Pope Gregory XI died in 1378, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope.
  • They balked at the last moment, and both colleges of cardinals abandoned their popes.
  • The council elected Pope Martin V in 1417, essentially ending the schism.
  • Habemus Papam (the announcement of a new pope) at the Council of Constance, 1415.

• The Coronation of 800 CE

  • Charlemagne reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St.
  • In 799, after Pope Leo III was abused by Romans who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue, he escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn.
  • In so doing, the pope effectively nullified the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople.
  • By whom, however, could he [the Pope] be tried?
  • For the pope, then, there was "no living Emperor at the that time."

• The Investiture Controversy

  • In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies.
  • The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms.
  • The outcome seemed mostly a victory for the Pope and his claim that he was God's chief representative in the world.
  • In 1075, Pope Gregory VII composed the Dictatus Papae.
  • One clause asserted that the deposal of an emperor was under the sole power of the pope.

• The Rise of Charlemagne

  • Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope's charges.
  • The ambassadors met at Thionville, and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side.
  • The siege lasted until the spring of 774, when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome.
  • In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance.
  • Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome.

• Painting in the High Renaissance

  • If Rome was the center for the High Renaissance, its greatest patron was Pope Julius II.
  • As patron of the arts, Pope Julius II supported many important artists, including Michelangelo and Raphael.
  • Raphael was commissioned by Pope Julius II to redecorate the Pope's living space in Rome.
  • As part of this project, Raphael was asked to paint in the Pope's library, or the Stanza della Segnatura.

• The Church During the Italian Renaissance

  • While the schism was resolved by the Council of Constance (1414), a resulting reform movement known as Conciliarism sought to limit the power of the pope.
  • Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511), it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption, most famously in the person of Pope Alexander VI, who was accused variously of simony, nepotism and fathering four children.
  • Pope Paul III came to the papal throne (1534–1549) after the sack of Rome in 1527, with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation.
  • In addition to being the head of the Church, the Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers, and pontiffs such as Julius II often waged campaigns to protect and expand their temporal domains.
  • Furthermore, the popes, in a spirit of refined competition with other Italian lords, spent lavishly both on private luxuries but also on public works, repairing or building churches, bridges, and a magnificent system of aqueducts in Rome that still function today.

• The Anglican Church

  • Beginning with Henry VIII in the 16th century, the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and Catholic Church.
  • In 1527 Henry asked Pope Clement VII to annul the marriage, but the Pope refused.
  • According to Canon Law the Pope cannot annul a marriage on the basis of a canonical impediment previously dispensed.
  • Roman Catholics who remained loyal to the Pope would not be tolerated.
  • They were, in fact, regarded as traitors, because the Pope had refused to accept Elizabeth as Queen of England.

• The Second Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam

  • John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) fought in 1861 on the same ground.
  • "Stonewall" Jackson captured the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, threatening Pope's line of communications with Washington, D.C.
  • Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him.
  • On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson's position along an unfinished railroad grade.
  • On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field.