physical map

Examples of physical map in the following topics:

• Physical Maps and Integration with Genetic Maps

  • Physical maps display the physical distance between genes and can be constructed using cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, or sequence mapping.
  • A physical map provides detail of the actual physical distance between genetic markers, as well as the number of nucleotides.
  • There are three methods used to create a physical map: cytogenetic mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, and sequence mapping.
  • Genetic maps provide the outline and physical maps provide the details.
  • Describe the methods used to physically map genes: cytogenetic mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, and sequence mapping

• Basic Map Types

  • Below are some of the most frequently used kinds of thematic maps.
  • Dot maps use dots to show comparative densities of features over a base map.
  • As do dot maps, graduated symbol maps use symbols that occur at points across a map.
  • Choropleth maps are the most common and easily recognized of the thematic maps.
  • Like graduated symbol maps, choropleth maps can be proportional or range-graded variations.

• Sensory Areas

  • The organization of sensory maps in the cortex reflects that of the corresponding sensing organ, in what is known as a topographic map.
  • This topographic map is called a retinotopic map.
  • Similarly, there is a tonotopic map in the primary auditory cortex and a somatotopic map in the primary sensory cortex.
  • A cortical homunculus is a physical representation of the human body located within the brain.
  • This neurological map of the anatomical divisions of the body depicts the portion of the human brain directly associated with the activity of a particular body part.

• Genetic Maps

  • Shortly after Gregor Mendel (the father of modern genetics) proposed that traits were determined by what are now known as genes, other researchers observed that different traits were often inherited together and, thereby, deduced that the genes were physically linked by being located on the same chromosome.
  • The mapping of genes relative to each other based on linkage analysis led to the development of the first genetic maps.
  • The generation of genetic maps requires markers, just as a road map requires landmarks (such as rivers and mountains).
  • Early genetic maps were based on the use of known genes as markers.
  • Because genetic maps rely completely on the natural process of recombination, mapping is affected by natural increases or decreases in the level of recombination in any given area of the genome.

• GIS

  • Making good maps can be challenging, time consuming, and expensive.
  • Recently, the development of cheap or free mapping tools has enabled almost anyone with a computer to easily make a map.
  • a map that serves as a visual representation of the database
  • For example, think of an individual street segment and how it is most likely physically connected to at least one additional street segment at one or both of its ends.
  • For example, even though two street segments may be physically connected in space, that does not mean that traffic can go in both directions.

• Conclusion: Implications for Teaching and Learning

  • These tools are used to create concept maps.
  • Two recommended concept mapping tools are Inspiration (http://www.inspiration.com/) and IHMC Concept Mapping Software or C-Map (http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/).
  • Concept maps created in C-Map can be shared across a network.
  • Sample concept maps and background information about concept mapping are available at the C-Map web site.
  • Interactive Physics (http://www.inspiration.com/) and Geometer's Sketchpad (http://www.keypress.com/sketchpad/)are two popular simulation-construction tools.

• Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions

  • Mapping protein-protein interactions gives us a better understanding of molecular mechanisms inside the cell.
  • Understanding how proteins are physically connected reveals clues about their structure and function and makes them an ideal target for drug therapy.
  • Datasets obtained from such tools are further analyzed using computational methods to draw a map of protein connectivity and achieve system level understanding of a microorganism.
  • The complete map of protein interactions that can occur in a living organism is called the interactome.
  • This experimental approach measures direct physical interaction between proteins and is called a binary method .

• New product: the tangible rim on the wheel

  • The new product can be a physical product and or a service offering.
  • This will give you the software necessary for developing your process map.
  • There are many books and publications about process mapping and there are multiple ways to process map.
  • Source: "Process Mapping Guide" text and "Process Mapping" Image reprinted with permission from Mentorography, Inc. © 2008.
  • Exhibit 9: The Process Mapping Diagram was developed by Molly Lavik, October 6, 2002

• Genetic Linkage and Distances

  • Morgan identified a 1:1 ratio between a segregating trait and the X chromosome, suggesting that the random segregation of chromosomes was the physical basis of Mendel's model.
  • He suggested that alleles become unlinked when chromosomes physically exchange segments.
  • When synapsed, homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal physical exchanges of DNA at their arms in a process called homologous recombination, or more simply, "crossing over."
  • Sturtevant divided his genetic map into map units, or centimorgans (cM), in which a recombination frequency of 0.01 corresponds to 1 cM.
  • This genetic map orders Drosophila genes on the basis of recombination frequency.

• Perceptual Mapping

  • Perceptual maps commonly have two dimensions even though they are capable of having several.
  • Many perceptual maps also display consumers' ideal points.
  • Perceptual maps need not come from a detailed study.
  • There are also intuitive maps (also called judgmental maps or consensus maps) that are created by marketers based on their understanding of their industry.
  • A combination map allows companies to find a space that has unmet consumer desires.