peers

Examples of peers in the following topics:

• Peer Groups

  • The influence of the peer group typically peaks during adolescence.
  • Among peers, children learn to form relationships on their own.
  • Peer groups can also serve as a venue for teaching members gender roles.
  • As members of peer groups interconnect, and agree, a normative code arises.
  • The term "peer pressure" is often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly pressured into changing their behavior to match that of their peers.

• Gender Messages from Peers

  • Peer groups can serve as a venue for teaching members gender roles.
  • Peer groups can consist of all males, all females, or both males and females.
  • If a peer group strongly holds to a conventional gender social norm, members will behave in ways predicted by their gender roles, but if there is not a unanimous peer agreement, gender roles do not correlate with behavior.
  • There is much research that has been done on how gender affects learning within student peer groups.
  • One thing that is an influence on peer groups is student behavior.

• Expert vs. Peer Testimony

  • There are two types of testimony: expert testimony and peer testimony.
  • There are two major types of testimony: peer testimony and expert testimony.
  • Peer testimony, unlike expert testimony, is given by a person who does not have expertise in the subject in question.
  • As a result, those who provide peer testimony are sometimes referred to as "anti-authorities."
  • A person who provides peer testimony might not have expertise in a particular area, but he or she likely has personal experience with the issue at hand.

• Cultural and Societal Influences on Adolescent Development

  • The influence of parental and peer relationships, as well as the broader culture, shapes many aspects of adolescent development.
  • Research shows there are four main types of relationships that influence an adolescent: parents, peers, community, and society.
  • Peer groups offer members of the group the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership.
  • Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as academic motivation and performance; however, they can also have negative influences, such as peer pressure to engage in drug use, drinking, vandalism, stealing, or other risky behavior.
  • Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, and while peers may facilitate positive social development for one another, they may also hinder it.

• Publishing Scientific Work

  • Publication of scientific research in a peer-reviewed journal allows other scientists access to the research.
  • For this reason, a major aspect of a scientist's work is communicating with peers and disseminating results to peers.
  • Peer-reviewed manuscripts are scientific papers that are reviewed by a scientist's colleagues or peers.
  • Grant proposals, which are requests for research funding, are also subject to peer review.
  • It needs to be succinct but detailed-enough to allow peers to reproduce the experiments.

• Benchmarking

  • In many cases, benchmarking involves comparisons of one company to the best companies in a comparable peer group or the average in that peer group or industry.
  • From an investor perspective, benchmarking can involve comparing a company to peer companies that can be considered alternative investment opportunities from the perspective of an investor.
  • In this process, the investor may compare the focus company to others in the peer group (leaders, averages) on certain financial ratios relevant to those companies and the investor's investment style.
  • From a management perspective, benchmarking using ratio analysis may be a way for a manager to compare their company to peers using externally recognizable, quantitative data.

• Family, Peers, Church, and School

  • A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.
  • Peer groups are important to adolescents in a new way, as they begin to develop an identity separate from their parents and exert independence.
  • Additionally, peer groups provide their own opportunities for socialization since kids usually engage in different types of activities with their peers than they do with their families.
  • Peer groups provide adolescents' first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families.
  • Spending time with peers, such as participating in organized sports, can be an important source of political socialization for young adults.

• Family and Friends

  • Person-to-person lending (also known as peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer investing, and social lending; abbreviated frequently as P2P lending) is a certain breed of financial transaction (primarily lending and borrowing, though other more complicated transactions can be facilitated) which occurs directly between individuals or "peers" without the intermediation of a traditional financial institution.
  • Lending money and supplies to friends, family, and community members predates formalized financial institutions, but in its modern form, peer-to-peer lending is a by-product of Internet technologies, especially Web 2.0.
  • Many peer-to-peer lending companies leverage existing communities and pre-existing interpersonal relationships with the idea that borrowers are less likely to default to the members of their own communities.
  • The peer-to-peer lending firms either act as middlemen between friends and family to assist with calculating repayment terms, or connect anonymous borrowers and lenders based on similarities in their geographic location, educational and professional background, and connectedness within a given social network.

• Adolescence

  • Adolescence is a period of significant cognitive, physical and social development, including changes in family and peer relationships.
  • Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision.
  • Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop various social skills like empathy, sharing and leadership.
  • Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, peaks around age 14, and declines thereafter.
  • Emotional autonomy is the development of more adult-like close relationship with adults and peers

• Learning Disabilities and Special Education

  • Special-education programs are designed to help children with disabilities obtain an education equivalent to their non-disabled peers.
  • Certain laws and policies are designed to help children with learning disabilities obtain an education equivalent to their non-disabled peers.
  • Language difficulties related to ASD will sometimes make it hard for the child to interact with teachers and peers or themselves in the classroom.
  • Deficits in social skills can interfere with the development of appropriate peer relationships, and repetitive behaviors can be obsessive and interfere with a child's daily activities.
  • Section 504 states that schools must ensure that a student with a disability is educated among peers without disabilities.