paraffin wax

Examples of paraffin wax in the following topics:

• Waxes

  • Waxes are a type of long chain nonpolar lipid.
  • Waxes are synthesized by many animals and plants.
  • The best known animal wax is beeswax, but other insects secrete waxes as well.
  • Unlike most natural waxes, which are esters, synthetic waxes consist of long-chain hydrocarbons lacking functional groups.
  • Paraffin wax is a type of synthetic wax derived from petroleum and refined by vacuum distillation.

• Dry Media

  • The most common pencil is the graphite pencil, but some other types include the charcoal pencil, which is made of charcoal and provide fuller blacks than graphite; and the carbon pencil, which is generally made of a mixture of clay and lamp black; colored pencils, which have wax-like cores with pigment and other fillers and available in all colors; and watercolor pencils, which are designed for use with watercolor techniques.
  • Conté, also known as Conté sticks or Conté crayons, are a drawing medium composed of compressed powdered graphite or charcoal mixed with a wax or clay base, square in cross-section.
  • Closely related to the pastel, and also sometimes termed the wax pastel, the crayon is a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk, or other material.
  • However, In the modern English-speaking world, the term crayon is most commonly associated with the standard wax crayon, such as those widely available for use by children.
  • Such crayons are usually approximately 3.5 inches (89 mm) in length and made mostly of petroleum paraffin wax.

• Waxes

  • Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain monohydric alcohols (one hydroxyl group).
  • Natural waxes are often mixtures of such esters, and may also contain hydrocarbons.
  • The formulas for three well known waxes are given below, with the carboxylic acid moiety colored red and the alcohol colored blue.
  • Waxes are widely distributed in nature.
  • Carnuba wax is valued for its toughness and water resistance.

• Alkanes

  • Alkanes, also called paraffins, are a class of hydrocarbons that are fully saturated with hydrogen.
  • Saturated oils and waxes are examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than ten.

• Comparing Two Independent Population Means with KNown Population Standard Deviations

  • Twenty floors are randomly assigned to test each wax.
  • Does the data indicate that wax 1 is more effective than wax 2?
  • $\bar{X_1} - \bar{X_2}$ = difference in the mean number of months the competing floor waxes last.
  • The words "is more effective" says that wax 1 lasts longer than wax 2, on the average.
  • At the 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean time wax 1 lasts is longer (wax 1 is more effective) than the mean time wax 2 lasts.

• Encaustic

  • Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves painting with a mixture of heated beeswax to which colored pigments have been added.
  • Because the wax cools quite quickly it is important to paint swiftly.
  • The thickness of the wax allows for it to be built up in layers to create a relief-like effect.
  • Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface.
  • Because wax is used as the pigment binder, encaustics can be sculpted as well as painted.

• Casting

  • Metal is one of the most common materials that artists cast, and the most common process used to cast metal is called the lost-wax casting process, variably known as lost-mold and waste-wax casting.
  • Lost-wax casting is the process of casting an artist's sculpture in a metal, such as gold, silver, bronze, or brass.
  • The process begins with an original model that is sculpted by the artist in wax, clay or another malleable material.
  • The wax now looks like the finished piece, and is coated in a ceramic shell and allowed to dry.
  • The resulting shell is then fired in a kiln allowing the wax to melt and run out.

• Bronze Sculpture in the Greek Early Classical Period

  • The lost wax technique, which is also known by its French name, cire perdue, is the process that ancient Greeks used to create their bronze statues.
  • Once completed , a mold would be made of the clay core and an additional wax mold would also be created.
  • The wax mold would then be placed between the clay core and the clay mold, creating a pocket, and the wax would be melted out of the mold, after which the gap would be filled with bronze.
  • Because the clay mold must be broken when removing the figure, the lost wax method can be used only for making one-of-a-kind sculptures.
  • It was made by the lost wax technique in multiple sections and then assembled.

• Etruscan Bronze Sculpture

  • Also known by its French name cire perdue, lost-wax casting is the oldest method of producing metal sculptures.
  • In lost-wax casting, the sculptor begins by making a clay mold of the intended sculpture, coats it in wax, and applies an outer layer of plaster, fastening metal rods to hold the shell in place and wax rods to vent the mold.
  • Intense heat is then applied, causing the wax to melt and flow out of the mold.
  • Because the mold must be destroyed, sculptors use the lost-wax method to produce one-of-a-kind sculptures.

• The Benin Bronzes

  • The metal pieces were made using lost-wax casting and are considered among the best sculptures made using this technique.
  • The most notable aspect of the works is the high level of the great metal-working skill at lost-wax casting.
  • Modern-day view of bronze casting using the lost wax method.