Examples of Okazaki fragments in the following topics:
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- The other strand (the lagging strand), complementary to the 5' to 3' parental DNA, is extended away from the replication fork in small fragments known as Okazaki fragments, each requiring a primer to start the synthesis.
- Okazaki fragments are named after the Japanese scientist who first discovered them.
- The leading strand can be extended by one primer alone, whereas the lagging strand needs a new primer for each of the short Okazaki fragments.
- On the leading strand, DNA is synthesized continuously, whereas on the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches called Okazaki fragments.
- DNA ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments, joining the fragments into a single DNA molecule.
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- The pieces are called Okazaki fragments, and each fragment begins with its own RNA primer.
- Eventually, the leading strand of one replication bubble reaches the lagging strand of another bubble, and the lagging strand will reach the 5' end of the previous Okazaki fragment in the same bubble.
- The enzymes FEN1 and RNase H remove RNA primers at the start of each leading strand and at the start of each Okazaki fragment, leaving gaps of unreplicated template DNA.
- Once the primers are removed, a free-floating DNA polymerase lands at the 3' end of the preceding DNA fragment and extends the DNA over the gap.
- The DNA fragments are joined by DNA ligase (not shown).
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- Short segments of complementary DNA, called Okazaki fragments, are produced, and these are linked together later by the enzyme ligase.
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- Also, the structure of most fragment ions is seldom known with certainty.
- A less common fragmentation, in which an even-electron neutral fragment is lost, produces an odd-electron radical cation fragment ion.
- Fragment ions themselves may fragment further.
- As a rule, odd-electron ions may fragment either to odd or even-electron ions, but even-electron ions fragment only to other even-electron ions.
- Spectrum diagrams are followed by the fragmentations leading to the chief fragment ions.
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- An interesting and generally useful skeletal transformation, involving specific carbon-carbon bond cleavage with accompanying conversion of certain sigma-bonds to pi-bonds, is known as the Grob fragmentation.
- Here a simple nucleophilic fragmentation at M is converted to an ethylagous analog by the insertion of a two carbon (ethyl) segment between the reacting moieties.
- A Grob fragmentation takes place in the top example, because the orbitals of the bonding and non-bonding electron pairs participating in the reaction are aligned properly.
- Other examples of Grob fragmentations will be shown above in the second diagram.
- The third diagram above displays a Grob-like fragmentation, favored by the relief of ring strain in the four-membered ring.
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- The fragmentation of molecular ions into an assortment of fragment ions is a mixed blessing.
- Alcohols, ethers and highly branched alkanes generally show the greatest tendency toward fragmentation.
- All of the significant fragment ions in this spectrum are even-electron ions.
- By localizing the reactive moiety, certain fragmentation processes will be favored.
- Odd-electron fragment ions are often formed by characteristic rearrangements in which stable neutral fragments are lost.
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- They can only be sequenced in tiny fragments and the tiny fragments have to put in the correct order to generate the uninterrupted genome sequence.
- As a result, each copy of the same chromosome is fragmented at different locations and the fragments from the same part of the chromosome will overlap each other.
- Each fragment is sequenced and sophisticated computer algorithms compare all the different fragments to find which overlaps with which.
- From the order of fragments formed, the DNA sequence can be read.
- When the complete collection of fragments has been sequenced, comparing the sequences of all the fragments will reveal which fragments have ends that overlap with other fragments.
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- Then, with the help of a computer, the fragments are analyzed to see where their sequences overlap.
- By matching overlapping sequences at the end of each fragment, the entire DNA sequence can be reformed.
- A third fragment shows only the lake, but it reveals that there is a cabin on the shore of the lake.
- Originally, shotgun sequencing only analyzed one end of each fragment for overlaps.
- In pairwise-end sequencing, both ends of each fragment are analyzed for overlap.
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- Diphtheria toxin is a single, 60,000 dalton molecular weight protein composed of two peptide chains, fragment A and fragment B, held together by a disulfide bond.
- Fragment B is a recognition subunit that gains the toxin entry into the host cell by binding to the EGF-like domain of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) on the cell surface.
- Inside the endosome, the toxin is split by a trypsin-like protease into its individual A and B fragments.
- The acidity of the endosome causes fragment B to create pores in the endosome membrane, thereby catalyzing the release of fragment A into the cell's cytoplasm.
- Fragment A inhibits the synthesis of new proteins in the affected cell.
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- Fungi can reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores, or sexually with homothallic or heterothallic mycelia.
- Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores.
- Fragments of hyphae can grow new colonies.
- Mycelial fragmentation occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into pieces with each component growing into a separate mycelium.
- Other asexual spores originate in the fragmentation of a hypha to form single cells that are released as spores; some of these have a thick wall surrounding the fragment.