Northwest Indian War

Examples of Northwest Indian War in the following topics:

• The Northwest Territory

  • The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795) led to further expansion of the United States into American Indian territory.
  • The Northwest Indian War, or Little Turtle's War, resulted from conflict between the United States and the Western Confederacy over occupation of the Northwest Territory.
  • Following the battle, the Western Confederacy and the United States signed the Treaty of Greenville on August 3, 1795, to end the Northwest Indian War.
  • Although the Northwest Indian War, known in the U.S.
  • Analyze the competing claims for control of the Northwest Territory in the years following the Revolutionary War

• American Indians and the Revolution

  • Other native communities were divided over which side to support in the war and others wanted to remain neutral.
  • For the Iroquois Confederacy, based in New York, the American Revolution resulted in civil war.
  • Noncombatants suffered greatly during the war.
  • The Northwest Indian War was led by American Indian tribes trying to repulse American colonists.
  • The Treaty of Penn with the Indians by Benjamin West, painted in 1771

• The War in the West

  • The Revolutionary War in the west was fought primarily between civilian settlers and American Indians allied with the British.
  • When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, the Ohio River marked a tenuous border between the American colonies and the American Indians of the Ohio Country.
  • Ohio Indians—Shawnees, Mingos, Delawares, and Wyandots—were divided over how to respond to the war.
  • The war in the northwest was essentially a draw.
  • For the American Indians, the hostilities would continue under a different name: the Northwest Indian War.

• Land Policy under the Confederation

  • The Confederation Congress' Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance had a lasting impact on US history.
  • Following the defeat of the British that led to the end of the Revolutionary War, the US Congress looked westward for further expansion of the United States.
  • Therefore, an immediate goal was to raise money through sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states that was acquired via the 1783 Treaty of Paris after the war.
  • The Land Ordinance of 1785 established the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest.
  • In a conflict sometimes known as the Northwest Indian War, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miamis formed a confederation to stop white expropriation of the territory.

• Settlers and the West

  • The Northwest Territory had long been desired for expansion by colonists.
  • This ordinance established the example that would become the basis for the Northwest Ordinance three years later.
  • In two articles, the Northwest Ordinance mentions the Native Americans within this region:
  • "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. "
  • In a conflict sometimes known as the Northwest Indian War, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miamis formed a confederation to stop white expropriation of the territory.

• The Indian Response

  • The Indian nations west of the Appalachians played an important role in the War of 1812.
  • In the South, American Indian resistance to white expansion intensified into the Creek War.
  • In the Old Northwest, Tecumseh, chief of the Shawnees, organized the largest pan-Indian alliance to date.
  • The war ended after a combined force of American state militias, Lower Creek Indians, and Cherokee Indians, under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, defeated the Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend.
  • After the Revolutionary War, Tecumseh had united tribes in the Northwest (Ohio and related territories) to fight against U.S. settlers.

• Madison's American Indian Policy

  • James Madison's presidency saw the continuation of the American Indian Wars as the United States expanded into and invaded indigenous territory.
  • As U.S. expansion continued, American Indians resisted settlers' encroachment in several regions of the new nation, from the Northwest to the Southeast and into the West, as settlers encountered the tribes of the Great Plains.
  • The war lasted until the fall of 1813, when Tecumseh died fighting Harrison's Army of the Northwest at the Battle of the Thames (near present-day Chatham, Ontario) and his confederacy disintegrated.
  • In the Northwest Territory after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, American Indians were pushed off of their tribal lands and replaced entirely by white settlers.
  • It is usually considered part of the War of 1812 because of its connection to Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest and because the Red Stick Creeks sought support from the British and later aided British advances toward New Orleans.

• Indian Resistance and Survival

  • Indian tribes fought over 40 wars for survival, killing at least 19,000 white settlers and soldiers and at least 30,000 American Indians.
  • East of the Mississippi River, an intertribal army led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, fought a number of engagements in the Northwest during the period 1811–12, known as Tecumseh's War.
  • Conflicts in the Southeast included the Creek War and Seminole Wars, both before and after the Indian Removals of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes, beginning in the 1830s under President Andrew Jackson.
  • Indian Wars continued into the early 20th century.
  • Bureau of the Census (1894), The Indian Wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number.

• Congress and the West

  • Following the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, Congress looked westward for the administration of new U.S. territory.
  • Following the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the United States Congress looked westward for further expansion of the United States.
  • The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio.
  • Previously, it was part of the Indian Reserve, a territory under British rule set aside in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for use by American Indians, which was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783).
  • The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River.

• The Madison Presidency

  • James Madison's presidency was characterized by his policies toward American Indians, his economic plans, and the War of 1812,
  • Although there are scant details, Madison often met with Southeastern and Western American Indians, including the Creek and Osage.
  • In the Northwest Territory after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, American Indians were pushed off of their tribal lands and replaced entirely by white settlers.
  • After the outbreak of the War of 1812, the absence of a national bank made war with Britain very difficult to finance, and in 1814, Congress passed a bill chartering a second national bank.
  • Britain also armed American Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory and encouraged them to attack American settlers, even though Britain had ceded this territory to the United States in the treaties of 1783 and 1794.