NADPH

(noun)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) carrying electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NADP+.

Related Terms

Examples of NADPH in the following topics:

  • The Pentose Phosphate Shunt

    • During this process two molecules of NADP+ are reduced to NADPH.
    • Glucose 6-phosphate + 2 NADP+ + H2O → ribulose-5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2
    • NADPH-utilizing pathways, such as fatty acid synthesis, generate NADP+, which stimulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce more NADPH.
    • Additionally, NADPH can be used by cells to prevent oxidative stress.
    • The pentose phosphate pathway generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH.

  • Processes of the Light-Dependent Reactions

    • Light-dependent reactions, which take place in photosystem I and II, convert solar energy into NADPH and ATP.
    • Protein complexes and pigment molecules work together to produce NADPH and ATP.
    • This reaction center, known as P700, is oxidized and sends a high-energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
    • The electrons travel through the chloroplast electron transport chain to photosystem I (PSI), which reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
    • At the same time, splitting of water adds protons to the lumen while reduction of NADPH removes protons from the stroma.

  • The Calvin Cycle

    • ATP and NADPH are used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules of a chemical called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
    • Six molecules of both ATP and NADPH are used.
    • For ATP, energy is released with the loss of the terminal phosphate atom, converting it to ADP; for NADPH, both energy and a hydrogen atom are lost, converting it into NADP+.
    • In stage 2, the organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH.
    • Light-dependent reactions harness energy from the sun to produce chemical bonds, ATP, and NADPH.

  • The Two Parts of Photosynthesis

    • In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy, in the form of the electron carrier molecule NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and the energy currency molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    • The light-independent molecules depend on the energy carrier molecules, ATP and NADPH, to drive the construction of new carbohydrate molecules.
    • Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.

  • Intermediates Produced During the Calvin Cycle

    • This process requires the enzyme RuBisCO and both ATP and NADPH.
    • Once the bisphosphoglycerate molecules are formed, they must be converted and further reduced to GAP by NADPH.
    • The intermediate of this product is the conversion of NADPH to NADP+ and an inorganic phosphate ion.
    • NADP+ is a coenzyme which is necessary for the function of NADPH.

  • The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway

    • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway also has a net yield of 1 ATP for every glucose molecule processed, as well as 1 NADH and 1 NADPH.

  • Metabolic Pathways

    • These processes are critical to the life of the cell, take place constantly, and demand energy provided by ATP and other high-energy molecules like NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADPH .

  • Oxidoreductase Protein Complexes

    • Oxidoreductases can be further classified into 22 subclasses: EC 1.1 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors (alcohol oxidoreductases); EC 1.2 includes oxidoreductases that act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors; EC 1.3 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-CH group of donors (CH-CH oxidoreductases); EC 1.4 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-NH2 group of donors (Amino acid oxidoreductases, Monoamine oxidase); EC 1.5 includes oxidoreductases that act on CH-NH group of donors; EC 1.6 includes oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH; EC 1.7 includes oxidoreductases that act on other nitrogenous compounds as donors; EC 1.8 includes oxidoreductases that act on a sulfur group of donors; EC 1.9 includes oxidoreductases that act on a heme group of donors; EC 1.10 includes oxidoreductases that act on diphenols and related substances as donors; EC 1.11 includes oxidoreductases that act on peroxide as an acceptor (peroxidases); EC 1.12 includes oxidoreductases that act on hydrogen as donors; EC 1.13 includes oxidoreductases that act on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases); EC 1.14 includes oxidoreductases that act on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen; EC 1.15 includes oxidoreductases that act on superoxide radicals as acceptors; EC 1.16 includes oxidoreductases that oxidize metal ions; EC 1.17 includes oxidoreductases that act on CH or CH2 groups; EC 1.18 includes oxidoreductases that act on iron-sulfur proteins as donors; EC 1.19 includes oxidoreductases that act on reduced flavodoxin as a donor; EC 1.20 includes oxidoreductases that act on phosphorus or arsenic in donors; EC 1.21 includes oxidoreductases that act on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond; and EC 1.97 includes other oxidoreductases.

  • Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

    • Phototrophy is the process by which organisms trap light energy (photons) and store it as chemical energy in the form of ATP and/or reducing power in NADPH.

  • Biosynthetic Mechanisms

    • The pyridine ring of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2'-phosphate derivative (NADP) function as hydride acceptors, and the corresponding reduced species (NADH & NADPH) as a hydride donors.