motion perception

Examples of motion perception in the following topics:

• Perceiving Motion

  • Motion perception is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual input.
  • Motion perception happens in two ways that are generally referred to as first-order motion perception and second-order motion perception.
  • First-order motion perception occurs through specialized neurons located in the retina, which track motion through luminance.
  • However, this type of motion perception is limited.
  • Due to first-order motion perception, the luminous impulses are seen as a continual movement.

• The Perceptual Process

  • Personality - Personality traits influence how a person selects perceptions.
  • Motion - A moving perception is more likely to be selected.
  • When a perception is new, it stands out in a person's experience.
  • After certain perceptions are selected, they can be organized differently.
  • Perceptual Context - People will tend to organize perceptions in relation to other pertinent perceptions, and create a context out of those connections.

• Art and Illusion

  • Some illusions are based on general assumptions the brain makes during perception.
  • These assumptions are made using organizational principles, like an individual's ability of depth perception and motion perception.
  • The information gathered by the eye is misinterpreted and processed by the brain to give a perception that does not equate with the actual reality of the stimulus.
  • One of the best known passive tactile illusions is the cutaneous rabit illusion, in which a sequence of taps at two separated skin locations results in the perception that intervening skin regions were also tapped.

• Perceiving Depth, Distance, and Size

  • Perception of depth, size, and distance is achieved using both monocular and binocular cues.
  • In reality, perception and vision are far more complicated than that.
  • Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions, coupled with the ability to gauge how far away an object is.
  • Depth perception, size, and distance are ascertained through both monocular (one eye) and binocular (two eyes) cues.
  • The Ebbinghaus illusion illustrates how the perception of size is altered by the relative sizes of other objects.

• Overview of Sensation

  • Hearing or audition (audioception) is the sense of sound perception.
  • Mechanoreceptors in the inner ear turn vibration motion into electrical nerve pulses.
  • The vibrations are mechanically conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the inner ear that detect the mechanical motion of the fibers.
  • The sense of taste is often confused with the concept of flavor, which is a combination of taste and smell perception.
  • According to psychologists and neuroscientists, however, human brains have a system governing the perception of time.

• Sensory Modalities

  • Taste perception is created by combining multiple sensory inputs.
  • Different modalities help determine the perception of taste.
  • Multimodal perception comes into effect when a unimodal stimulus fails to produce a response.
  • The vestibular nerve conducts information from sensory receptors in three ampulla, each of which sense fluid motion in three semicircular canals caused by a three-dimensional rotation of the head.
  • This is a diagram of how multimodal perception is created by the overlapping and combining of different inputs from the sensory systems.

• Composing a Cantus Firmus

  • David Huron identifies five general properties of melodies in Western music that connect to the basic principles of perception and cognition listed above, but play out in slightly different specific ways in musical styles.
  • Possibly an expression of goal-oriented motion, as we tend to perceive a move down as a decrease in energy (movement towards a state of rest).
  • An expression of smoothness and, at times, goal-oriented motion.
  • An expression of motion towards a position of rest (with non-extreme notes representing "rest").
  • An expression of goal-orientation and the rest–motion–rest pattern.

• Defining Kinematics

  • Kinematics is the study of the motion of points, objects, and groups of objects without considering the causes of its motion.
  • Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, objects and systems of groups of objects, without reference to the causes of motion (i.e., forces).
  • The study of kinematics is often referred to as the "geometry of motion."
  • Objects are in motion all around us.
  • The word "kinematics" comes from a Greek word "kinesis" meaning motion, and is related to other English words such as "cinema" (movies) and "kinesiology" (the study of human motion).

• Types of Motion

  • There are four types of contrapuntal motion between two musical lines.
  • In parallel motion, two voices move in the same direction by the same generic interval.
  • This will always be true when two voices move in parallel motion.
  • In similar motion, also called direct motion, two voices move in the same direction, but by different intervals.
  • This will always be the case with similar or direct motion.

• Vision: The Visual System, the Eye, and Color Vision

  • All vision is based on the perception of electromagnetic rays.
  • Color vision is a critical component of human vision and plays an important role in both perception and communication.
  • Depth perception refers to our ability to see the world in three dimensions.
  • While depth perception is often attributed to binocular vision (vision from two eyes), it also relies heavily on monocular cues (cues from only one eye) to function properly.
  • These cues range from the convergence of our eyes and accommodation of the lens to optical flow and motion.