mortality rate

Examples of mortality rate in the following topics:

• Mortality

  • Mortality rate measures the number of deaths in a population over a given period of time.
  • To more accurately estimate mortality rates, demographers calculate age and gender specific mortality rates.
  • These rates are compiled in a life table, which shows the mortality rate separate for each age group and gender.
  • Overall, developing countries tend to have higher mortality rates, higher infant mortality rates, and lower life expectancies.
  • Explain the various ways mortality is calculated, such as the crude death rate, infant mortality rate and life expectancy

• The Study of Population Dynamics

  • the probability of individuals dying before their next birthday (i.e., mortality rate)
  • The mortality rate per 1,000 individuals is calculated by dividing the number of individuals dying during an age interval by the number of individuals surviving at the beginning of the interval, multiplied by 1,000.
  • This number is then multiplied by 1,000 to get the mortality rate per thousand.
  • As can be seen from the mortality rate data (column D), a high death rate occurred when the sheep were between 6 and 12 months old, which then increased even more from 8 to 12 years old, after which there were few survivors.
  • This life table of Ovis dalli shows the number of deaths, number of survivors, mortality rate, and life expectancy at each age interval for the Dall mountain sheep.

• Data and Methods

  • net reproduction rate: the number of daughters who would be born to a woman according to current age-specific fertility and mortality rates
  • infant mortality rate: the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per thousand live births
  • life expectancy: the number of years which an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality rates
  • This is because developed countries have relatively more older people, who are more likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower.
  • The less developed regions of the world have higher infant mortality rates than the more developed regions.

• Three Demographic Variables

  • Human population growth depends on the rate of natural increase, or the fertility rate minus the mortality rate, and net migration.
  • As this equation shows, population change depends on three variables: (1) the natural increase changes seen in birth rates, (2) the natural decrease changes seen in death rates, and (3) the changes seen in migration.
  • Changes in population size can be predicted based on changes in fertility, mortality, and migration rates.
  • Natural increase refers to the increase in population not due to migration, and it can be calculated with the fertility rate and the mortality rate.
  • The US fertility rate has leveled off at about 2.0, which is nearly equal to the replacement level.

• Problems in Forecasting Population Growth

  • Population growth is difficult to predict because unforeseen events can alter birth rates, death rates, migration, or resource limitations.
  • At the same time, other factors could affect mortality rates, which would also alter population forecasts.
  • The Green Revolution was a period of rapid technological innovation in agricultural, which made food resources more widely available than expected and thus reduced the global mortality rate.
  • The problem with activism surrounding population growth is that forecasts cannot predict unexpected changes in fertility and mortality rates.
  • Explain the various ways sociologist try to estimate the rate of population growth, such as through fertility, birth and death rates

• Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Population Regulation

  • Population regulation is a density-dependent process, meaning that population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population.
  • Usually, the denser a population is, the greater its mortality rate.
  • For example, during intra- and interspecific competition, the reproductive rates of the individuals will usually be lower, reducing their population's rate of growth.
  • In addition, low prey density increases the mortality of its predator because it has more difficulty locating its food source.
  • Many factors, typically physical or chemical in nature (abiotic), influence the mortality of a population regardless of its density.

• The Health of Infants and Children

  • Childhood mortality is high in developing countries where malnutrition, infectious diseases, and unsanitary conditions are widespread.
  • In Asia, dengue fever, an infectious tropical disease, is a major cause of child mortality.
  • Improved pre- and post-natal care, as well as more accessible information about infant health, could help reduce the infant mortality rate.
  • Infant mortality rates are reduced by increasing availability of safe emergency pregnancy care and training doctors and nurses to promote safe breast feeding for HIV infected women and other support and guidance related to pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum periods.
  • This poster from a museum exhibit illustrates how in impoverished communities without access to technologically advanced medical facilities, the first intervention used to reduce rates of infant mortality is often improving sanitation or hygienic standards.

• Overcoming Density-Dependent Regulation

  • Developing countries have also made advances in curbing mortality from infectious disease.
  • The advent of modern medicine is very closely tied to childhood mortality, as well as the number of children per mother (Fertility Rate).
  • As modern medicine decrease child mortality, the birth rate decreases.

• The Middle Years

  • Physical fitness usually wanes, with a 5–10 kg (10-20 lb) accumulation of body fat, reduction in aerobic performance and a decrease in maximal heart rate.
  • However, people age at different rates and there can be significant differences between individuals of the same age.
  • In developed countries, mortality begins to increase more noticeably each year from age 40 onwards, mainly due to age-related health problems, such as heart disease and cancer.
  • Discuss the implications of middle age in terms of fading physical health and mortality concerns

• Demographic Transition Theory

  • In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.
  • For example, numerous improvements in public health reduce mortality, especially childhood mortality.
  • In stage three, birth rates fall.
  • During stage four there are both low birth rates and low death rates.
  • By the late 20th century, birth rates and death rates in developed countries leveled off at lower rates.