Midnight Judges

Examples of Midnight Judges in the following topics:

• The Last Days of the Federal Presidency: The Midnight Judges

  • Chief Justice Marshall's decision about "midnight judges" gave the Court authority to declare the constitutionality of congressional and presidential acts.
  • As his term was expiring, Adams filled several vacancies in the federal courts with Federalist judges, who could be depended upon to protect Federalist legislation from the ascending Democratic-Republicans.
  • This appointment of the so-called "midnight judges" to the Supreme Court angered Democratic-Republicans, and Jefferson refused to allow the midnight judges (including William Marbury) to take office .
  • Madison, Justice Marshall defined the Court's judicial power as the authority to judge the actions of the other two federal branches of government—claiming that judicial review was a logical and implicit principle established in the Constitution.
  • William Marbury (1762–1835) was one of the "midnight judges" appointed by United States President John Adams the day before he left office.

• Marbury v. Madison

  • Marbury was one of the "midnight judges" appointed by Adams after he'd lost the election of 1800, but prior to the actual inauguration of Thomas Jefferson.

• Judicial Review and Marbury v. Madison

  • This Act modified the Judiciary Act of 1789 by establishing ten new district courts, expanding the number of circuit courts from three to six, and adding additional judges to each circuit (giving the president the authority to appoint federal judges and justices of the peace).
  • On March 3, just before the end of his term, Adams took advantage of the newly modified Judiciary Act by appointing 16 Federalist circuit judges and 42 Federalist justices.
  • The appointees, infamously known as the "Midnight Judges," included William Marbury.

• The Marshall Court

  • With the Federalists about to lose the executive and legislative branches to Democratic-Republicans, President Adams and the lame-duck Congress passed what came to be known as the "Midnight Judges Act."

• The Expansion of the Federal Government

  • Marbury was one of the "midnight judges" appointed by Adams after he'd lost the election of 1800, but prior to the actual inauguration of Thomas Jefferson.

• Battles in the Courts and Congress

  • Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens.
  • Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals and 290 judges to the United States district courts.
  • In some cases, the nominations were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee before Reagan's presidency ended, while in other cases, nominees were rejected by the Senate Judiciary Committee or even blocked by unfriendly members of the Republican Party.Both his Supreme Court nominations and his lower court appointments were in line with Reagan's expressed philosophy that judges should interpret law as enacted and not "legislate from the bench".

• Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable

  • A child psychologist is interested in the number of times a new born baby's crying wakes its mother after midnight.
  • Let X = the number of times a newborn wakes its mother after midnight.

• Try these multiple choice questions.

  • She surveys 84 of her students and finds that 11 of attended the midnight showing.
  • There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the percent of EVC students that attended the midnight showing of Harry Potter is less than 20%.
  • There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the percent of EVC students that attended the midnight showing of Harry Potter is more than 20%.
  • There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the percent of EVC students that attended the midnight showing of Harry Potter is less than 20%.
  • There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the percent of EVC students that attended the midnight showing of Harry Potter is at least 20%.

• Judicial Activism and Restraint

  • Judicial activism is based on personal/political considerations and judicial restraint encourages judges to limit their power.
  • The phrase is generally traced back to a comment by Thomas Jefferson, referring to the despotic behavior of Federalist federal judges, in particular, John Marshall.
  • Judicial restraint is a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power.
  • It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional, though what counts as obviously unconstitutional is itself a matter of some debate.
  • Judicially-restrained judges respect stare decisis, the principle of upholding established precedent handed down by past judges.

• The Nomination Process

  • Every judge appointed to the court may be categorized as a federal judge with approval from the Senate.
  • The president nominates all federal judges, who must then be approved by the Senate .
  • The appointment of judges to lower federal courts is important because almost all federal cases end there.
  • Once in office, federal judges can be removed only by impeachment and conviction.
  • Federal judges, such as Supreme Court Justices, must be nominated.