metabolic syndrome,

Examples of metabolic syndrome, in the following topics:

• Effects of Exercise on the Heart

  • A sedentary and inactive lifestyle is associated with greater risk for hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarctions, due to the metabolic changes that accompany a sedentary lifestyle.
  • Higher levels of fat can cause metabolic syndrome, in which chronic inflammation in the blood vessels increases the risk of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
  • Stress causes sympathetic nervous system activation that increases heart rate and blood sugar, as well as the risk for diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
  • For example, some athletes may be at risk for cardiac hypertrophy from too much exercise over long periods of time and sudden cardiac death from exercising to the point that the heart's metabolic demands become too high, causing an arrhythmia.

• Alkalosis

  • Alkalosis can refer to respiratory alkalosis or metabolic alkalosis.
  • Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35-7.45 ).
  • Metabolic alkalosis can be caused by prolonged vomiting, resulting in a loss of hydrochloric acid with the stomach content.
  • It can also be caused by administration of diuretics and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome.
  • As respiratory acidosis often accompanies the compensation for metabolic alkalosis, and vice versa, a delicate balance is created between these two conditions.

• Jaundice

  • Commonly, diseases of the kidney, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, can also lead to coloration.
  • Defects in bilirubin metabolism also present as jaundice, such as seen with Gilbert's syndrome (a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism which can result in mild jaundice, which is found in about 5 percent of the population) and Crigler-Najjar syndrome.
  • Cell necrosis reduces the liver's ability to metabolize and excrete bilirubin, leading to a buildup of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.

• Adjustments of the Infant at Birth

  • Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.
  • Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding.
  • Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism.
  • They are naked, wet, and have a large surface area to mass ratio, with variable amounts of insulation, limited metabolic reserves, and a decreased ability to shiver.
  • Brown fat is specialized adipose tissue with a high concentration of mitochondria designed to rapidly oxidize fatty acids in order to generate metabolic heat.

• Chemical Composition of Bone

  • Acid-base imbalances, including metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, can produce severe, even life-threatening medical conditions.
  • The phrase mixed acidosis, for example, refers to metabolic acidosis in conjunction with respiratory acidosis.
  • Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35 to 7.45).
  • The causes of metabolic alkalosis can be divided into two categories, depending upon urine chloride levels.
  • Differentiate among the acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis

• Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

  • Acid-base imbalances, including metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, can produce severe, even life-threatening medical conditions.
  • The phrase "mixed acidosis," for example, refers to metabolic acidosis in conjunction with respiratory acidosis.
  • Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35-7.45 ).
  • The causes of metabolic alkalosis can be divided into two categories, depending upon urine chloride levels.
  • Excess sodium increases extracellular volume and the loss of hydrogen ions creates a metabolic alkalosis.

• Muscular Atrophy

  • Examples of diseases affecting the nerves that control muscles would be poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
  • Examples of diseases affecting primarily the muscles would include muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and myotonic dystrophy as well as other congenital, inflammatory or metabolic myopathies.

• Down Syndrome

  • Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
  • This is the cause of 1–2% of the observed Down syndromes.
  • Translocation Down syndrome is often referred to as familial Down syndrome.
  • It is the cause of 2–3% of observed cases of Down syndrome.
  • Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome.

• Disorders of the Basal Ganglia

  • Though there are known causes of dystonia such as metabolic, vascular, and structural abnormalities, there are still patients with dystonia with no apparent cause.
  • Tourette syndrome is a disorder that is characterized by behavioral and motor tics, OCD, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • Since the realization that syndromes such as Tourette syndrome and OCD are caused by dysfunction of the non-motor loops of basal ganglia circuits, new treatments for these disorders, based on treatments originally designed to treat movement disorders are being developed.

• Horner's Syndrome

  • Horner's syndrome may also occur during a migraine attack and resolve after the migraine.
  • Treatment of Horner's syndrome requires that the underlying cause of the syndrome be identified.
  • Horner's syndrome is more of a symptom than an actual, independent disease.
  • The numbers indicate sites of possible lesions on the nerves that cause Horner's syndrome.
  • This patient exhibits Horner's syndrome on the left side of face.