menstrual cycle

Examples of menstrual cycle in the following topics:

• Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

  • The uterine cycle describes a series of changes that occur to the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, during a typical menstrual cycle.
  • Several changes to the uterine lining (endometrium) occur during the menstrual cycle, also called the uterine cycle.
  • Menstrual cycles are counted from the first day of menstrual bleeding and are typically 28 days long.
  • The levels of estrogen gradually rise, signalling the start of the follicular, or proliferation, phase of the menstrual cycle.
  • The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive period is termed menopause.

• Periodic Abstinence

  • It was based on knowledge of the menstrual cycle.
  • The first day of red bleeding is considered day one of the menstrual cycle.
  • To use these methods, a woman is required to know the length of her menstrual cycles.
  • Days 1 to 7 of a woman's menstrual cycle are considered infertile.
  • Calendar-based methods use records of past menstrual cycles to predict the length of future cycles.

• Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle

  • The menstrual cycle is controlled by a series of changes in hormone levels, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
  • The menstrual cycle is divided into three stages: follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.
  • The rise in FSH recruits tertiary-stage ovarian follicles (antral follicles) for entry into the menstrual cycle.
  • In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle undergoes cumulus expansion stimulated by FSH.
  • The menstrual cycle is controlled by the endocrine system, with distinct phases correlated to changes in hormone concentrations.

• Ovarian Cycle

  • The menstrual cycle is the physiological process that fertile women undergo for the purposes of reproduction and fertilization.
  • The menstrual cycle is the scientific term for the physiological changes that occur in fertile women for the purpose of sexual reproduction.The menstrual cycle is controlled by the endocrine system and commonly divided into three phases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.
  • Menstrual cycles are counted from the first day of menstrual bleeding.
  • Ovulation also occurs in the estrous cycle of other female mammals, which differs in many fundamental ways from the menstrual cycle.
  • The luteal phase (or secretory phase) is the latter part of the menstrual or estrous cycle.

• Oogenesis

  • The menstrual cycle begins with the maturation of oocytes through the process of oogenesis, as well as concurrent follicle development that stimulates ovulation.
  • During the menstrual cycle primary oocytes complete maturation through further meiotic divisions.
  • Follicle development signals the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
  • At the start of the menstrual cycle, some 12-20 primary follicles begin to develop under the influence of elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to form secondary follicles.
  • By around day 9 of the menstrual cycle, only one healthy secondary follicle remain.

• Female Hormones

  • The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs, while the menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining.
  • After about five days, estrogen levels rise and the menstrual cycle enters the proliferative phase.
  • Following ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase and the menstrual cycle enters its secretory phase, both of which run from about day 15 to 28.
  • The endometrium begins to degenerate as the progesterone levels drop, initiating the next menstrual cycle.
  • Rising and falling hormone levels result in progression of the ovarian and menstrual cycles.

• Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts

  • Fibrocystic breast disease is a condition where noncancerous lumps develop in the breast, causing discomfort during the menstrual cycle.
  • It is characterized by noncancerous breast lumps in the breast which can sometimes cause discomfort , often periodically related to hormonal influences from the menstrual cycle.
  • Symptoms follow a periodic trend tied closely to the menstrual cycle.
  • The causes of the condition are not fully understood, though it is known that they are tied to hormone levels, as the condition usually subsides after menopause and is also related to the menstrual cycle.
  • Fibrocystic breast changes are a cumulative process, caused partly by the normal hormonal variation during a woman's monthly cycle.

• Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

  • Premenstrual syndrome refers to a wide range of emotional and physical symptoms associated with a female's menstrual cycle.
  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (also called PMT or premenstrual tension) is a collection of physical and emotional symptoms related to a woman's menstrual cycle.
  • Formal definitions absolutely require the presence of emotional symptoms as the chief complaint; the presence of exclusively physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle, such as bloating, abdominal cramps, constipation, swelling or tenderness in the breasts, cyclic acne, and joint or muscle pain—no matter how disruptive these physical symptoms are—is not considered PMS.
  • It is a diagnosis associated primarily with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
  • Symptoms begin in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (after ovulation) and end shortly after menstruation begins.

• Onset, Duration, and Half-Life of Hormone Activity

  • This image depicts the levels of certain hormones during the menstrual cycle (B), as they correspond to follicular growth and ovulation (A). 1.

• Extrauterine Effects of Estrogens and Progesterone

  • Estrogen and progesterone have several effects beyond their immediate roles in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and labor.
  • Estrogens are a group of compounds named for their importance in the estrous cycle of humans and other animals.
  • They are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of menstrual cycle regulation.
  • Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation), and embryogenesis of humans and other species.
  • Normal menstrual bleeding is progesterone-withdrawal bleeding.