logic

Examples of logic in the following topics:

• Understanding Entailments of Realizations

  • In logic, we understand an entailment to be an implication that follows logically from statement or set of statements that are agreed upon.
  • The process of creating entailments of our realizations for mathematical concepts allows us to track and create logical statements that either prove or disprove our notions of the concept.

• Logic

  • Deductive reasoning is a process that starts with a set of premises (or a priori truths) or general principles and through rules of logic, "deduces" a conclusion about a specific case.
  • The internal logic could be correct but if either of the premises were false, correct deductive logic would not yield true conclusions.
  • "Bacon did for inductive logic what Aristotle did for the theory of the syllogism.

• Types of Buying Decisions

  • Different types of buying decisions can involve logical, impulsive, and emotional motivations.
  • Different types of buying decisions can include logical, impulsive, and emotional motivations.

• Time Pressure as a Barrier to Decision Making

  • Time pressure forces decision makers to shift from logical processes (ideal) to intuitive processes (sub-ideal).
  • Decision makers who believe they have ample time to make a decision tend to arrive at more logically crafted decisions than those who feel as though they have an insufficient amount of time.
  • Time pressure often forces decision makers to look for intuitive shortcuts rather than logically processing all of the required data.

• Using Different Kinds of Appeals

  • Evidential appeals are formed by defining the evidence and then explaining how the evidence must logically prove that a certain conclusion must be true.
  • Then the scientist must explain how that evidence logically leads to a consequence that supports his/her proposal.

• Defining Thoughts

  • At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people.
  • Kids at this point of development begin to think more logically, but their thinking can also be very rigid.
  • The final stage involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas.
  • Internal representations are gradually organized into logical structures, which first operate on the concrete properties of the environment, in the stage of concrete operations.
  • Then, in the stage of formal operations, these logical structures operate on abstract principles that organize concrete properties.

• Defining Emotional Appeal

  • An emotional appeal is directed to sway an audience member's emotions and uses the manipulation of the recipient's emotions rather than valid logic to win an argument.
  • An emotional appeal uses emotions as the basis of an argument's position without factual evidence that logically supports the major ideas endorsed by the presenter.
  • Emotional appeal is a logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win an argument by trying to get an emotional reaction from the opponent and audience.
  • In debating terms, emotional appeals are often effective as a rhetorical device, but are generally considered naive or dishonest as a logical argument, since they often appeal to the prejudices of listeners rather than offer a sober assessment of a situation.
  • As with children, cute animals override most people's logic.

• Theoretical Probability

  • Probability theory uses logic and mathematical reasoning, rather than experimental data, to determine probable outcomes.
  • This probability is determined through measurements and logic, but not through any experimental findings (the future has not yet happened).
  • In such cases, the probability of an event can be calculated logically: it is equal to the number of outcomes comprising this event, divided by the total number of outcomes in the sample space.
  • If the six on the die were changed to a one, you could logically conclude that the probability of rolling a one would be two out of six (or one out of three).

• Correlation is Not Causation

  • As with any logical fallacy, identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not imply that the resulting conclusion is false.
  • The cum hoc ergo propter hoc logical fallacy can be expressed as follows:
  • In this type of logical fallacy, one makes a premature conclusion about causality after observing only a correlation between two or more factors.
  • This is a logical fallacy because there are at least five possibilities:
  • While well-established, this relationship is still susceptible to logical fallacy due to the complexity of the system.

• Logical Fallacies

  • By applying formal logic to the syllogism in the example, the conclusion is still valid.
  • In informal logic and rhetoric, a fallacy is usually an error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption.
  • Some of the more frequent common logical fallacies are:
  • As a speaker you want to carefully consider your reasoning and how you draw your logical conclusions in order to avoid faulty reasoning.