livre carolinienne

Examples of livre carolinienne in the following topics:

• Charlemagne's Reforms

  • Charlemagne established a new standard, the livre carolinienne (from the Latin libra, the modern pound), which was based upon a pound of silver—a unit of both money and weight—and was worth 20 sous (from the Latin solidus, the modern shilling) or 240 deniers (from the Latin denarius, the modern penny).
  • During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units; only the denier was a coin of the realm.

• Illuminated Manuscripts

  • In this detail from the 13th century illuminated manuscript Li Livres dou Santé (The Books of Health), a monk tasting wine from a barrel is part of the ornately decorated initial.

• Efforts at Financial Reform

  • He took office when France was 110 million livres in debt, partly because of its involvement in the American Revolution,  and had no means of paying it.
  • When Necker was criticized by his enemies for the Compte rendu, he made public his 'Financial Summary for the King', which appeared to show that France had fought the war in America, paid no new taxes and still had a massive credit of 10 million livres of revenue.

• Swedish-French Intervention

  • Richelieu had already begun intervening indirectly in the war in January 1631, when the French diplomat Hercule de Charnacé signed the Treaty of Bärwalde with Gustavus Adolphus, by which France agreed to support the Swedes with 1,000,000 livres each year in return for a Swedish promise to maintain an army in Germany against the Habsburgs.

• The Rise of the Nobility

  • In order to finance the budget deficit, which amounted to 100 million livres in 1745, Machault d'Arnouville created a tax on the twentieth of all revenues that affected the privileged classes as well as commoners.