jury

Examples of jury in the following topics:

• The Sixth Amendment and Jury Trials

  • The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged.
  • Petty offenses are those punishable by imprisonment for not more than six months and are not covered by the jury requirement.
  • It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury.
  • Although on the basis of history and precedent the Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in a federal jury trial, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring States to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment and does not require jury unanimity.
  • The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial.

• The Seventh Amendment

  • The Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the original Bill of Rights, codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases, and asserts that cases may not be re-examined by another court.
  • In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

• The Fifth Amendment

  • The right was asserted at grand jury or congressional hearings in the 1950s, when witnesses testifying before the House Committee on Un-American Activities or the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee claimed the right in response to questions concerning their alleged membership in the Communist Party.
  • No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
  • A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913.
  • The Fifth Amendment states that everyone deserves a Grand Jury in the case of a capital crime.

• The Collins Case

  • Collins was a 1968 jury trial in California that made notorious forensic use of statistics and probability.
  • Collins was a 1968 jury trial in California.
  • The instructor explained the multiplication rule to the jury, but failed to give weight to independence, or the difference between conditional and unconditional probabilities.
  • The prosecutor then suggested that the jury would be safe in estimating the following probabilities:
  • The jury returned a verdict of guilty.

• Introduction to testing for goodness of fit using chi-square

  • If the jury is representative of the population, then the proportions in the sample should roughly reflect the population of eligible jurors, i.e. registered voters.
  • While the proportions in the juries do not precisely represent the population proportions, it is unclear whether these data provide convincing evidence that the sample is not representative.
  • However, unusually large differences may provide convincing evidence that the juries were not representative.

• Creating a test statistic for one-way tables

  • Of the people in the city, 275 served on a jury.
  • If the individuals are randomly selected to serve on a jury, about how many of the 275 people would we expect to be white?
  • While some sampling variation is expected, we would expect the sample proportions to be fairly similar to the population proportions if there is no bias on juries.
  • H 0 : The jurors are a random sample, i.e. there is no racial bias in who serves on a jury, and the observed counts reflect natural sampling fluctuation.

• Basic Types of Organizations

  • Most organizations fall into one of four types: pyramids/hierarchies, committees/juries, matrix organizations, and ecologies.
  • Most organizational structures fall into one of four types: pyramids/hierarchies, committees/juries, matrix organizations, and ecologies.
  • Committees or juries consist of groups of peers who decide collectively, sometimes by casting votes, on the appropriate courses of action within an organization.
  • In countries with common-law practices, for example, a jury of peers render innocent or guilty verdicts in the court system.
  • Juries are often used to determine athletic contests, book awards, and similar contests.

• Crime and Punishment

  • Trial by jury was used for all crimes except for the most serious crimes.
  • Juries of 12 men were chosen by the villagers and had to collect evidence in order to decide if the person on trial was guilty or innocent.
  • Juries also decided on the punishment for anyone found guilty.

• Freedom of Expression and its Limits

  • In the trial, Hamilton appealed directly to the jury, claiming that the truth could not be defamatory, and therefore, Zenger could not be found guilty of libel.
  • Although the judge dismissed this claim entirely, Hamilton persuaded the jury to disregard the laws on libel in favor of this concept—an argument that convinced the jury to return a verdict of "not guilty. " Therefore, not only did the Zenger Trial result in a remarkable instance of jury nullification, but it also established a precedent for protecting the freedom of the press in the American courts.

• The Trial of Zenger

  • During the trial, Hamilton appealed directly to the jury, claiming that the truth could not be defamatory, and therefore, Zenger could not be found guilty of libel.
  • Although the judge dismissed this claim entirely, Hamilton persuaded the jury to disregard the laws on libel in favor of this concept--an argument that convinced the jury to return a verdict of "not guilty. " Therefore, not only did the Zenger Trial result in a remarkable instance of jury nullifcation, but also established a precedent for protecting the freedom of the press in the American courts.
  • Zenger's article gave contemporaries a preview of the same argument Hamilton would present to the jury in the Zenger trial: the truth is a legitimate defense against libel.