institutionalized discrimination

Examples of institutionalized discrimination in the following topics:

• Institutional Prejudice or Discrimination

  • Institutionalized discrimination refers to discrimination embedded in the procedures, policies or objectives of large organizations.
  • Institutionalized discrimination within the housing market also includes practices like redlining and mortgage discrimination.
  • Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unfair, indirect treatment of certain members within a group.
  • Institutionalized discrimination within the housing market also includes practices like redlining and mortgage discrimination.
  • The achievement gap in education is another example of institutionalized discrimination.

• Race

  • While race is largely understood to be a social construct, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.
  • Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroups as both racially defined and morally inferior.
  • Racism today continues to contribute to the suffering of many people in the form of slavery, genocide, systemic oppression, and institutionalized discrimination.

• Homophobia

  • Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior like discrimination and violence.
  • Institutional discrimination involves the state apparatus.
  • One notorious example of homophobia and extreme discrimination was the persecution of LGBTQ individuals by the Nazis during the Holocaust.
  • Prejudices do not have to be institutionalized to be harmful.
  • Many instances of homophobia and discrimination occur by informal means.

• Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.

  • As both legal and illegal immigrants with high population numbers, Hispanic Americans are often the target of stereotyping, racism, and discrimination.
  • Race relations in the U.S. remain problematic, marked by discrimination, persecution, violence, and an ongoing struggle for power and equality.
  • The major blow to America's formally institutionalized racism was the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
  • This Act, which is still followed today, banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
  • Some sociologists, however, would argue that institutionalized racism persists, especially since African Americans still fair poorly in terms of employment, insurance coverage, and incarceration, as well as in the areas of economics, health, and education.

• Sexual Orientation

  • Recognized types of homophobia include institutionalized homophobia (such as religious and state-sponsored homophobia) and internalized homophobia (in which people with same-sex attractions internalize, or believe, society's negative views and/or hatred of themselves).
  • Gays, lesbians, and bisexual people regularly experience stigma, harassment, discrimination, and violence based on their sexual orientation.
  • Discrimination can occur in the workplace, in housing, at schools, and in numerous public settings.
  • Much of this discrimination is based on stereotypes and misinformation.
  • Major policies to prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation have only come into effect in the United States in the last few years.

• Women as a Minority

  • Underlying this unequal treatment of women is sexism, which is discrimination based on sex -- in the context of a patriarchal society, discrimination against women in particular.
  • Discrimination against women is evident in a number of different spheres of society, whether political, legal, economic, or familial.
  • It should be noted that gender discrimination also ties in with race and class discrimination -- a concept known as "intersectionality," first named by feminist sociologist Kimberlé Crenshaw.
  • In some places, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others, they may be ignored or suppressed.
  • In 1979, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) for legal implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.

• Segregation

  • Even where racial mixing has occurred on a large scale, as in Hawaii and Brazil, various forms of social discrimination have persisted despite the absence of official segregationist laws.
  • After the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in America, racial discrimination became regulated by the so-called Jim Crow laws—strict mandates on segregation of the races.
  • As an official practice, institutionalized racial segregation ended in large part due to the work of civil rights activists (Clarence M.
  • The Fair Housing Act of 1968, administered and enforced by the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, nationality, religion, sex, familial status and disability.
  • The civil rights movement gained the public's support, and formal racial discrimination and segregation became illegal in schools, businesses, the military, and other civil and government services.

• Institutionalized Children

  • Institutionalized children may develop institutional syndrome, which refers to deficits or disabilities in social and life skills.
  • It has also been argued that institutionalized individuals become psychologically more prone to mental health problems.
  • The term institutionalization can be used both in regard to the process of committing an individual to a mental hospital or prison, or to institutional syndrome; thus a person being "institutionalized" may mean either that he/she has been placed in an institution, or that he/she is suffering the psychological effects of having been in an institution for an extended period of time.
  • Discuss both the processes of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization, as they relate to issues juveniles may have

• Conclusion: The Successes and Failures of Progressivism

  • Although the Progressive Era brought reform to government and business and increased political power for many citizens, its benefits were limited to white Americans; African Americans and other minorities continued to experience discrimination and marginalization during this era.
  • The Progressive Era coincided with the Jim Crow era, which saw intense segregation and discrimination of African Americans.
  • Plessy thus allowed segregation, which became standard throughout the southern United States, and represented the institutionalization of the Jim Crow period.

• Discrimination Against Individuals

  • Controversial attempts have been made to redress negative effects of discrimination.
  • Unfair discrimination usually follows the gender stereotypes held by a society.
  • Reverse discrimination is a term referring to discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, including the city or state, or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.
  • Reverse discrimination may also be used to highlight the discrimination inherent in affirmative action programs.
  • Give an example of discrimination and reverse discrimination using examples of religious, gender, or racial prejudice