insider

(noun)

A person who has special knowledge about the inner workings of a group, organization, or institution.

Related Terms

Examples of insider in the following topics:

  • Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron: Resting Potential

    • The resting potential of a neuron is controlled by the difference in total charge between the inside and outside of the cell.
    • Voltage-gated ion channels regulate the relative concentrations of different ions inside and outside the cell.
    • The difference in total charge between the inside and outside of the cell is called the membrane potential.
    • When the membrane is at rest, K+ ions accumulate inside the cell due to a net movement with the concentration gradient.
    • The (a) resting membrane potential is a result of different concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions inside and outside the cell.

  • Inspiration

    • The pleural cavity normally has a lower pressure compared to ambient air (-3 mmHg normally and typically -6 mmHg during inspiration), so when it expands, the pressure inside the lungs drops.
    • Pressure and volume are inversely related to eachother, so the drop in pressure inside the lung increases the volume of air inside the lung by drawing outside air into the lung.
    • As the volume of air inside the lung increases, the lung pushes back against the expanded pleural cavity as a result of the drop in intrapleural pressure (pressure inside the pleural cavity).
    • The alveolar sacs themselves also expand as a result of being filled with air during inspiration, which contributes to the expansion inside the lung.
    • Eventually, the pressure inside the lung becomes less negative as the volume inside the lung increases, and when pressure and volume stabilize, the air movement stops, inspiration ends, and expiration (exhalation) will begin.

  • Drawbacks of Repurchasing Shares

    • Share repurchases often give an advantage to insiders and can be used to manipulate financial metrics.
    • This gives insiders an advantage because they are more likely to know whether they should sell their shares to the company .
    • Martha Stewart was convicted of insider trading, which is not the same as insiders choosing whether to sell their shares in a share repurchase.

  • Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria

    • Some bacteria lack a cell wall but retain their ability to survive by living inside another host cell.
    • Mycoplasma species are widespread examples and some can be intracellular pathogens that grow inside their hosts.
    • It is likely they had the ability to form a cell wall at some point in the past, but as their lifestyle became one of existence inside other cells, they lost the ability to form walls.

  • Gravitational Attraction of Spherical Bodies: A Uniform Sphere

    • ., a hollow ball) then the net gravitational force on a body inside of it is zero.
    • Given that a sphere can be thought of as a collection of infinitesimally thin, concentric, spherical shells (like the layers of an onion), then it can be shown that a corollary of the Shell Theorem is that the force exerted in an object inside of a solid sphere is only dependent on the mass of the sphere inside of the radius at which the object is.
    • That is because shells at a greater radius than the one at which the object is, do not contribute a force to an object inside of them (Statement 2 of theorem).
    • The second situation we will examine is for a solid, uniform sphere of mass $M$ and radius $R$, exerting a force on a body of mass $m$ at a radius $d$ inside of it (that is, $d< R$).
    • Only the mass of the sphere within the desired radius $M_{inside $d$) is relevant, and can be considered as a point mass at the center of the sphere.

  • Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis

    • Bacteria have developed ways to survive inside phagocytes, where they continue to evade the immune system.
    • To get safely inside the phagocyte they express proteins called "invasins. " When inside the cell, they remain in the cytoplasm and avoid toxic chemicals contained in the phagolysosomes.
    • Other pathogens, such as Leishmania, create a highly-modified vacuole inside the phagocyte, which helps them persist and replicate.
    • Other bacteria are capable of living inside of the phagolysosome.

  • The Regulators

    • In addition, the commission requires companies to tell the public when their own officers buy or sell shares of their stock; the commission believes that these "insiders" possess intimate information about their companies and that their trades can indicate to other investors their degree of confidence in their companies' future.
    • The agency also seeks to prevent insiders from trading in stock based on information that has not yet become public.
    • In the late 1980s, the SEC began to focus not just on officers and directors but on insider trades by lower-level employees or even outsiders like lawyers who may have access to important information about a company before it becomes public.

  • DNA Packaging

    • Without it, a cell is not able to accommodate the large amount of DNA that is stored inside.
    • So how does this fit inside a small bacterial cell?
    • Eukaryotes, whose chromosomes each consist of a linear DNA molecule, employ a different type of packing strategy to fit their DNA inside the nucleus.

  • The Divergence Theorem

    • The divergence theorem relates the flow of a vector field through a surface to the behavior of the vector field inside the surface.
    • The divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem or Ostrogradsky's theorem, relates the flow (that is, flux) of a vector field through a surface to the behavior of the vector field inside the surface.
    • More precisely, the divergence theorem states that the outward flux of a vector field through a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence over the region inside the surface.

  • Mutualism vs. Symbiosis

    • Similarly, a clown fish might live inside a sea anemone and receive protection from predators, while the anemone neither benefits nor suffers.
    • Endosymbiosis: a relationship in which one of the symbiotic species lives inside the tissue the other.
    • For example, Coral polyps have special algae called zooxanthelle that live inside their cells.
    • Similarly, nitrogen-fixing fungi often live inside the cells of plants, providing nitrogen in exchange for the sugars of photosynthesis.