independent assortment

Examples of independent assortment in the following topics:

• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

  • Independent assortment allows the calculation of genotypic and phenotypic ratios based on the probability of individual gene combinations.
  • Mendel's law of independent assortment states that genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes: every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.
  • The independent assortment of genes can be illustrated by the dihybrid cross: a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics.
  • The law of independent assortment states that a gamete into which an r allele sorted would be equally likely to contain either a Y allele or a y allele.
  • The values along each forked pathway can be multiplied because each gene assorts independently.

• Genetic Linkage and Violation of the Law of Independent Assortment

  • Genes that are on the same chromosome, or "linked", do not assort independently, but can be separated by recombination.
  • Although all of Mendel's pea characteristics behaved according to the law of independent assortment, we now know that some allele combinations are not inherited independently of each other.
  • Genes that are located on separate non-homologous chromosomes will always sort independently .
  • However, because of the process of recombination, or "crossover," it is possible for two genes on the same chromosome to behave independently, or as if they are not linked.
  • Mendel's seminal publication makes no mention of linkage, and many researchers have questioned whether he encountered linkage, but chose not to publish those crosses out of concern that they would invalidate his independent assortment postulate.

• Mendel's Law of Segregation

  • In Mendel's experiments, the segregation and the independent assortment during meiosis in the F1 generation give rise to the F2 phenotypic ratios observed by Mendel.

• Genetic Linkage and Distances

  • Mendel's work suggested that traits are inherited independently of each other.
  • Perfectly unlinked genes correspond to the frequencies predicted by Mendel to assort independently in a dihybrid cross.
  • In (a), two genes are located on different chromosomes so independent assortment occurs during meiosis.

• Applications of Condensation Reactions to Synthesis

  • Recognition of these tasks does not imply that they are independent of each other, or should be approached and solved separately.
  • A useful assortment of carbon-carbon bond forming reactions have been described in this and earlier chapters.

• Conditional probability exercises

  • (b) Assuming that events A and B arise from independent random processes,
  • (d) Do being overweight and having health coverage appear to be independent?
  • Assortative mating is a nonrandom mating pattern where individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than what would be expected under a random mating pattern.
  • (d) Does it appear that the eye colors of male respondents and their partners are independent?
  • 2.15 (a) No, but we could if A and B are independent. ( b-i) 0.21.

• The Value of Intermediaries

  • For example, time, information, space, financing, price, inertia, product performance, service, product assortment, values, and beliefs are some of the market separations that prevent buyers and sellers from realizing what each want in the market.
  • Also, products cannot always be produced at the exact time, place, quantity, and assortment desired by customers.
  • By performing the marketing functions, distributors are able to bring products closer to where customers are located, which permits them to fulfill orders on demand due to the proximity of their warehouses which stock an assortment of goods.

• Store Retailers

  • Store retailers vary in size, in the kinds of services, the assortment of merchandise they carry, and many other respects.
  • Store retailers vary in size, in the kinds of services that are provided, in the assortment of merchandise they carry, and in many other respects.
  • Their entire approach to the distribution of food and household cleaning and maintenance products was to make available to the public large assortments of a variety of such goods at each store at a minimal price.
  • Merchandise assortments are generally broad, including both hard and soft goods, but assortments are typically limited to the most popular items, colors, and sizes.
  • Such regional shopping centers are successful because they provide customers with a wide assortment of products.

• The Cost of Intermediaries

  • In addition, product assortment convenience, which characterizes a distributor (and not a supplier), implies that fixed costs are spread over a wider assortment of products than would be the case for suppliers.
  • We have already seen that, in general, distributors make market contacts, handle and store goods, ship and deliver them, provide quantity and assortment convenience, offer before and after sales service, provide for the informational and financing needs of their buyers, and, of course, assume the necessary business risks associated with any transaction.

• Japanese Literati Painting in the Edo Period

  • While each of these artists was unique and independent, they all shared an admiration for traditional Chinese culture.
  • Bunjinga grew, therefore, out of what did come to Japan from China, including Chinese woodblock-printed painting manuals and an assortment of paintings widely ranging in quality.