ideal solution

Examples of ideal solution in the following topics:

• Vapor Pressure of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

  • The vapor pressure of a solution is directly influenced by the number of solute molecules present in a given amount of solvent.
  • The vapor pressure of a solvent is lowered by the addition of a non-volatile solute to form a solution.
  • In a solution, some spots on the surface are occupied by solute molecules, so there is less space occupied by solvent molecules.
  • Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the mole fraction of the component present in the solution.
  • For an ideal solution, equilibrium vapor pressure is given by Raoult's law:

• Osmotic Pressure

  • A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of both a solute and solvent.
  • Solutions generally have different properties than the solvent and solute molecules that compose them.
  • Some special properties of solutions are dependent solely on the amount of dissolved solute molecules, regardless of what that solute is; these properties are known as colligative properties.
  • The osmotic pressure (II) of an ideal solution can be approximated by the Morse equation:
  • Discuss the effects of a solute on the osmotic pressure of a solution

• Solutions and Entropy Changes

  • In a similar manner entropy plays an important role in solution formation.
  • All these factors increase the entropy of the solute.
  • This is the same as saying that the entropy of the solute increases.
  • Since the Hsolution for this process is approximately zero (an ideal solution), the only thermodynamic factor driving the mixing is the entropy term.
  • When food dye is added to water, a solution is formed.

• Introduction to Osmoregulation

  • The solutes in body fluids are mainly mineral salts and sugars.
  • Osmotic regulation, or osmoregulation, keeps these solutes at the ideal concentrations.
  • An electrolyte is a solute that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
  • Solutions on two sides of a semi-permeable membrane tend to equalize in solute concentration by movement of solutes and/or water across the membrane.
  • Response of red blood cells in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions

• Problem Solving

  • With the ideal gas law we can figure pressure, volume or temperature, and the number of moles of gases under ideal thermodynamic conditions.
  • The Ideal Gas Law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas.
  • where R is the universal gas constant, and with it we can find values of the pressure P, volume V, temperature T, or number of moles n under a certain ideal thermodynamic condition.
  • Variations of the ideal gas equation may help solving the problem easily.

• Mole Fraction and Mole Percent

  • In a mixture of ideal gases, the mole fraction can be expressed as the ratio of partial pressure to total pressure of the mixture.
  • Mole fraction can also be applied in the case of solutions.
  • $x = (\frac {1.62 \text{ moles sugar}}{57.1 \text{ moles solution}})= 0.0284 $
  • With the mole fraction of 0.0284, we see that we have a 2.84% solution of sugar in water.
  • $x = (\frac {.388 \text{ moles cinnamic acid}}{1.22 \text{ moles solution}})= 0.318$

• Factions

  • Most real populations do not look like this, but the "ideal type" of complete connection within and complete disconnection between sub-groups is a useful reference point for assessing the degree of "factionalization" in a population.
  • Network>Subgroups>Factions is an algorithm that finds the optimal arrangement of actors into factions to maximize similarity to the ideal type, and measures how well the data actually fit the ideal type.
  • As with any exploratory technique, it is a matter of judgment which solution is most helpful.
  • This count (27 in this case) is the sum of the number of zeros within factions (where all the ties are supposed to be present in the ideal type) plus the number of ones in the non-diagonal blocks (ties between members of different factions, which are supposed to be absent in the ideal type).
  • The "blocked" or "grouped" adjacency matrix shows a picture of the solution.

• Enlightenment Ideals

• Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 11

  • Solutions to Practice 1: Hypothesis Testing for Two ProportionsSolution to Exercise 10.7.1

• Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 9

  • Solutions to Practice 1: Confidence Intervals for Means, Known Population Standard Deviation
  • Solutions to Practice 2: Confidence Intervals for Means, Unknown Population Standard Deviation