horizontal integration

Examples of horizontal integration in the following topics:

• Growth Strategy

  • Generic examples of commonly selected strategic growth platforms include pursuit of specific and new product areas, entry into new distribution channels, vertical or horizontal integration, and new product development.
  • Horizontal integration – The merger or acquisition of new business operations.
  • An example of horizontal integration would be Apple entering the search-engine market or a new industry related to laptops and smartphones.
  • Vertical integration – Integrating successive stages in the production and marketing process under the ownership or control of a single management organization.
  • Distinguish between the varying integrations and diversifications that allow businesses to pursue strategic growth

• Calculus with Parametric Curves

  • The position of the object is given by $x$ and $y$, signifying horizontal and vertical displacement, respectively.
  • This way of expressing curves is practical as well as efficient; for example, one can integrate and differentiate such curves term-wise.
  • This makes integration and differentiation easier to carry out as they rely on the same variable.
  • Writing $x$ and $y$ explicitly in terms of $t$ enables one to differentiate and integrate with respect to $t$.
  • Use differentiation to describe the vertical and horizontal rates of change in terms of $t$

• Area Between Curves

  • The area between the graphs of two functions is equal to the integral of a function, $f(x)$, minus the integral of the other function, $g(x)$: $A = \int_a^{b} ( f(x) - g(x) ) \, dx$.
  • The area between a positive-valued curve and the horizontal axis, measured between two values $a$ and $b$ ($b$ is defined as the larger of the two values) on the horizontal axis, is given by the integral from $a$ to $b$ of the function that represents the curve.
  • The area between the graphs of two functions is equal to the integral of one function, $f(x)$, minus the integral of the other function, $g(x)$: A=∫ba(f(x)−g(x))dxA = \int_a^{b} ( f(x) - g(x) ) \, dx where $f(x)$ is the curve with the greater y-value .
  • The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference between the integrals of the two functions.
  • Evaluate the area between two functions using a difference of definite integrals

• Pathogenicity Islands

  • Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
  • They are transferred through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid, phage, or conjugative transposon .
  • PAIs are often associated with tRNA genes, which target sites for this integration event.
  • Pathogenicity islands are transferred horizontally, this details some of the ways that occurs.

• Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors

  • Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
  • Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
  • PAIs are transferred through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid, phage, or conjugative transposon.
  • PAIs are often associated with tRNA genes, which target sites for this integration event.

• The Existence of Inverse Functions and the Horizontal Line Test

  • Recognize whether a function has an inverse by using the horizontal line test

• Plasmids and Lysogeny

  • In addition, plasmid DNA provides a mechanism by which horizontal gene transfer can occur, contributing to antibiotic resistance.
  • The process of horizontal gene transfer can occur via three mechanisms: transformation, transduction and conjugation.
  • The virus displays the ability to infect the bacterium host and integrate its own genetic materials into the host bacterium genome.
  • The prophage is integrated into the bacterium genome at this point.
  • There are three mechanisms by which horizontal gene transfer can occur.

• Horizontal Communication

  • Horizontal communication is the flow of messages across individuals and groups on the same level of an organization.
  • Horizontal communication does not involve relaying information up or down across levels.
  • Some barriers to horizontal communication are differences in style, personality, or roles amongst co-workers.
  • Lingering expectations from the old system can significantly inhibit the implementation of horizontal communication.
  • Horizontal communication refers to any communication between employees at the same level of an organization

• Introduction to Plasmids

  • Plasmids can be considered part of the mobilome because they are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
  • Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.
  • This image shows a line drawing that compares the activity of non-integrating plasmids, on the top, with episomes, on the bottom, during cell division.
  • Next to this bacterium, we see the same bacterium, but after the episome has integrated into the chromosomal DNA and has become a part of it.
  • This second bacterium now divides into two bacteria identical to it, each with an episome integrated into it.

• Arc Length and Speed

  • Arc length and speed in parametric equations can be calculated using integration and the Pythagorean theorem.
  • In order to calculate the arc length, we use integration because it is an efficient way to add up a series of infinitesimal lengths.
  • Its position horizontally is given by $x=f(t)$ and its position vertically is given by $y=g(t)$, where $f$ and $g$ are functions which depend on a parameter, $t$.
  • However, since $x$ and $y$ depend on the parameter $t$, we will want to integrate over $t$, not over $x$ and $y$.
  • Calculate arc length by integrating the speed of a moving object with respect to time