genome annotation

(noun)

the process of attaching biological information to gene sequences.

Related Terms

Examples of genome annotation in the following topics:

  • Annotating Genomes

    • Genome annotation is the identification and understanding of the genetic elements of a sequenced genome.
    • They annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features.
    • Once a genome is sequenced, it needs to be annotated to make sense of it.
    • DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do .
    • The basic level of annotation is using BLAST for finding similarities, and then annotating genomes based on that.

  • Use of Whole-Genome Sequences of Model Organisms

    • The first genome to be completely sequenced was of a bacterial virus, the bacteriophage fx174 (5368 base pairs).
    • Several other organelle and viral genomes were later sequenced.
    • It took this long because it was 60 times bigger than any other genome that had been sequenced at that point.
    • Having entire genomes sequenced aids these research efforts.
    • The process of attaching biological information to gene sequences is called genome annotation.

  • Microbial Growth at Low or High pH

    • However, other acidophiles, such as Acetobacter aceti, have an acidified cytoplasm which forces nearly all proteins in the genome to evolve acid stability.
    • A pH scale with annotated examples of chemicals at each integer pH value

  • Bioinformatic Analyses and Gene Distributions

    • At the beginning of the "genomic revolution," the term bioinformatics refered to the creation and maintenance of a database to store biological information like nucleotide and amino acid sequences.
    • Major research efforts in the field include sequence alignment, gene finding, genome assembly, drug design, drug discovery, protein structure alignment, and the modeling of evolution.
    • annotate genes and gene products and assimilate and disseminate annotation data
    • Assembly of the human genome is one of the greatest achievements of bioinformatics

  • Microarrays and the Transciptome

    • Unlike the genome, which is roughly fixed for a given cell line (excluding mutations), the transcriptome can vary with external environmental conditions.
    • A number of organism-specific transcriptome databases have been constructed and annotated to aid in the identification of genes that are differentially expressed in distinct cell populations.
    • DNA microarrays can provide a genome-wide method for comparison of the abundance of DNAs in the same samples.The DNA in spots can only be PCR products specific for individual genes.

  • Nucleic Acid Sequencing and rRNA Analysis

    • Unfortunately, while primers can be defined to amplify this gene from single genomes, this method is not accurate enough to estimate the diversity of microbial communities from their environments.
    • Principal limits are the lack of real universal primers; DNA amplification biases and reference database selection impact the annotation of reads.

  • Maintaining an Annotated Bibliography

    • An annotated bibliography is a list of all your sources, including full citation information and notes on how you will use the sources.
    • If you keep one while you research, the annotated bibliography will function as a useful guide.
    • If you find an annotated bibliography attached to one of the sources you are using, you can look at it to find other possible resources.
    • The first part of each entry in an annotated bibliography is the source's full citation.
    • A good annotation has three parts, in addition to the complete bibliographic information for the source:

  • Genome Reduction

    • Genome reduction is the loss of genome size of a species in comparison to its ancestors.
    • Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single genome.
    • The opposite or genome reduction also occurs.
    • Genome reduction, also known as genome degradation, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor.
    • A graph show the relative size of genomes, generally more "complex" organisms have larger genomes.

  • Bacterial Genomes

    • Bacterial genomes are smaller in size (size range from 139 kbp to 13,000 kpb) between species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes.
    • Bacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size between species when compared with genomes of animals and single cell eukaryotes.
    • The relationship between life-styles of bacteria and genome size raises questions as to the mechanisms of bacterial genome evolution.
    • One theory predicts that bacteria have smaller genomes due to a selective pressure on genome size to ensure faster replication.
    • Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria show a strong correlation between genome size and number of functional genes in a genome.

  • Viral Genomes

    • The viral genome is the complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
    • An enormous variety of genomic structures can be seen among viral species; as a group, they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants, animals, archaea, or bacteria.
    • The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes.
    • Plant viruses tend to have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes.
    • The type of nucleic acid is irrelevant to the shape of the genome.