genetic engineering

Examples of genetic engineering in the following topics:

• Genetic Engineering in Animals

  • The purpose of genetic engineering in animals is to create animals with special characteristics.
  • Scientists are now capable of creating new species of animals by taking genetic material from one, or more, plants or animals, and genetically engineering them into the genes of another animal.
  • Genetically engineered animals are also created to help medical researchers in their quest to find cures for genetic disease, like breast cancer.
  • Despite this debate, the law in both the United States and in Europe, tends to support genetic engineering research and development by allowing genetically engineered animals to be patented.
  • Patents give scientists a monopoly over their genetically engineered animal species, something before unheard of in modern economic systems.

• Applications of Genetic Engineering

  • Genetic engineering means the manipulation of organisms to make useful products and it has broad applications.
  • Example of a genetic engineering application in medicine: one of the earliest uses of genetic engineering in pharmaceuticals was gene splicing to manufacture large amounts of insulin, made using the cells of E. coli bacteria.
  • Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  • Genetic engineering has produced a variety of drugs and hormones for medical use.
  • Another byproduct is a type of human growth hormone; it's used to treat dwarfism and is produced through genetically-engineered bacteria and yeasts.

• Genetically Engineered Vaccines

  • Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  • Genetically engineered viruses are being developed that can still confer immunity, but lack the infectious sequences.
  • Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies have been humanised through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies.
  • The process of genetic engineering involves splicing an area of a chromosome, a gene, that controls a certain characteristic of the body.
  • The bacteria can continue to live a healthy life, though genetic engineering and human intervention has actively manipulated what the bacteria actually is.

• Mammalian Proteins and Products

  • Genetic engineering enables scientists to create plants, animals, and microorganisms by manipulating genes.
  • The first successful products of genetic engineering were protein drugs like insulin, which is used to treat diabetes , and growth hormone somatotropin.
  • Genetically engineered entities are biocompatible and biodegradable.
  • Many mammalian proteins are produced by genetic engineering.
  • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of producing genetically engineered proteins in bacteria

• Genetic Engineering

  • In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
  • Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's DNA to achieve desirable traits.
  • The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering.
  • " This technique, called reverse genetics, has resulted in reversing the classic genetic methodology.
  • Borer-resistant corn is an example of a genetically- modified organism made possible through genetic engineering methods that allow scientists to alter an organism's DNA to achieve specific traits, such as herbicide resistance.

• Mammalian Gene Expression in Bacteria

  • Bacterial genetics can be manipulated to allow for mammalian gene expression systems established in bacteria.
  • An expression system that is categorized as a genetic engineering product is a system specifically designed for the production of a gene product of choice.
  • The genetically engineered expression system contains the appropriate DNA sequence for the gene of choice which is engineered into a plasmid that is introduced into a bacteria host.
  • In a genetically engineered system, this entire process of gene expression may be induced depending on the plasmid used.
  • Describe the sequence of events in a genetically engineered expression system

• Biotechnology in Medicine

  • Safer vaccines can be designed and produced by organisms transformed by means of genetic engineering.
  • They will be inexpensive, stable, easy to store, and capable of being engineered to carry several strains of pathogen at once.
  • The first genetically-engineered products were medicines designed to combat human diseases.
  • The resulting genetically-engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of human insulin at low cost.
  • Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease.

• Uses of Genome Sequences

  • Genome sequences and expression can be analyzed using DNA microarrays, which can contribute to detection of disease and genetic disorders.
  • Knowledge of the entire genome will allow future onset diseases and other genetic disorders to be discovered early, which will allow for more informed decisions to be made about lifestyle, medication, and having children.
  • Genomics is still in its infancy, although someday it may become routine to use whole-genome sequencing to screen every newborn to detect genetic abnormalities.
  • Otherwise, it could be easy to misuse the power of such knowledge, leading to discrimination based on a person's genetics, human genetic engineering, and other ethical concerns.

• Modern Applications of DNA

  • The acronym "DNA" has become synonymous with solving crimes, testing for paternity, identifying human remains, and genetic testing.
  • A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
  • Genetic modification involves the mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes.
  • Bacteria, plants, and animals have been genetically modified since the early 1970s for academic, medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes.
  • The GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent fish.

• Genetic Analysis

  • Bacteria obey the laws of genetics and the central dogma of life.
  • DNA that carries genetic information is transcribed to RNA polypeptides, which are translated into protein.
  • Plasmid profiling using molecular, biochemical, and microbial techniques is essential to understanding the mechanism of pathogenicity and to fuel genetic engineering.
  • -the genetic makeup) of a cell.
  • Genetic analysis of microbes allows the characterization of genes implicated in microbial pathogenesis.