fruit

Examples of fruit in the following topics:

• Development of Fruit and Fruit Types

  • Fruits are generally associated with having a sweet taste; however, not all fruits are sweet.
  • The term "fruit" is used for a ripened ovary.
  • Fruits generally have three parts: the exocarp (the outermost skin or covering), the mesocarp (middle part of the fruit), and the endocarp (the inner part of the fruit).
  • Fruits can be dry or fleshy.
  • There are four main types of fruits.

• Angsiosperm Fruit

  • In botany, a fertilized, fully-grown, and ripened ovary is a fruit.
  • Many foods commonly-called vegetables are actually fruit.
  • Mature fruit can be fleshy or dry.
  • Rice, wheat, and nuts are examples of dry fruit.
  • Wind carries the light dry fruit of trees and dandelions .

• Fruit and Seed Dispersal

  • Some fruits can disperse seeds on their own, while others require assistance from wind, water, or animals.
  • The fruit has a single purpose: seed dispersal.
  • Similarly, willow and silver birches produce lightweight fruit that can float on water.
  • Some animals, such as squirrels, bury seed-containing fruits for later use; if the squirrel does not find its stash of fruit, and if conditions are favorable, the seeds germinate.
  • Summarize the ways in which fruits and seeds may be dispersed

• Starvation-Induced Fruiting Bodies

  • Starvation-induced fruiting bodies can aggregate up to 500 micrometres long and contain approximately 100,000 bacterial cells.
  • In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation.
  • These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species.
  • Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls.
  • At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development is regulated by Pxr sRNA.

• Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins

  • Applying synthetic auxins to tomato plants in greenhouses promotes normal fruit development.
  • Fruits such as seedless cucumbers can be induced to set fruit by treating unfertilized plant flowers with auxins.
  • Other effects of GAs include gender expression, seedless fruit development, and the delay of senescence in leaves and fruit.
  • Because GAs are produced by the seeds and because fruit development and stem elongation are under GA control, these varieties of grapes would normally produce small fruit in compact clusters.
  • In grapes, application of gibberellic acid increases the size of fruit and loosens clustering.

• Portfolio Risk

  • Three assets (apples, bananas, and cherries) can be thought of as a bowl of fruit.
  • The index is a a fruit basket.
  • A full fruit basket probably has 10 or 15 different fruits, but my bowl will be efficient as much as its statistical parameters (risk and return) mimic those of the whole basket.
  • To calculate the risk in my bowl, we need a little more background information on fruit markets.
  • First, we are going to need the variance for each fruit.

• Food Preservation

  • Sugar is used to preserve fruits, either in syrup with fruit such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, or in crystallized form where the preserved material is cooked in sugar to the point of crystallisation and the resultant product is then stored dry.
  • This method is used for the skins of citrus fruit (candied peel), angelica, and ginger.
  • A modification of this process produces glacé fruit such as glacé cherries where the fruit is preserved in sugar but is then extracted from the syrup and sold, the preservation being maintained by the sugar content of the fruit and the superficial coating of syrup.
  • These should not be confused with fruit flavored spirits such as cherry brandy.
  • High-acid fruits like strawberries require no preservatives to can and only a short boiling cycle, whereas marginal fruits such as tomatoes require longer boiling and addition of other acidic elements.

• Evolution of Angiosperms

  • Angiosperms, which evolved in the Cretaceous period, are a diverse group of plants which protect their seeds within an ovary called a fruit.
  • Not all fruits develop from an ovary; such structures are "false fruits."
  • Like flowers, fruit can vary tremendously in appearance, size, smell, and taste.
  • Tomatoes, walnut shells and avocados are all examples of fruit.
  • As with pollen and seeds, fruits also act as agents of dispersal.

• Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi

  • The basidiomycota are mushroom-producing fungi with developing, club-shaped fruiting bodies called basidia on the gills under its cap.
  • The fungi in the Phylum Basidiomycota are easily recognizable under a light microscope by their club-shaped fruiting bodies called basidia (singular, basidium), which are the swollen terminal cell of a hypha.
  • Eventually, the secondary mycelium generates a basidiocarp, which is a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground; this is what we think of as a mushroom.
  • The fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete form a ring in a meadow, commonly called "fairy ring."
  • As it grows, the mycelium depletes the soil of nitrogen, causing the mycelia to grow away from the center, leading to the "fairy ring" of fruiting bodies where there is adequate soil nitrogen.

• Calculating Expected Portfolio Returns

  • The return of our fruit portfolio could be modeled as a sum of the weighted average of each fruit's expected return.
  • In reality, a portfolio is not a fruit basket, and neither is the formula.