Francia

Examples of Francia in the following topics:

• Rise of the Holy Roman Empire

  • The largest territory of the empire after 962 was Eastern Francia, though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.
  • After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown was disputed among the Carolingian rulers of Western Francia and Eastern Francia, with first the western king (Charles the Bald) and then the eastern (Charles the Fat) attaining the prize.
  • A few decade earlier, around 900, autonomous stem duchies (Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, Saxony, and Lotharingia) reemerged in East Francia.
  • After the Carolingian king Louis the Child died without issue in 911, East Francia did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm, but instead elected one of the dukes, Conrad of Franconia, as Rex Francorum Orientalium.

• The End of the Carolingians

  • They ruled on in East Francia until 911 and held the throne of West Francia intermittently until 987.
  • Thus West Francia of the Carolingian dynasty became France.
  • The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east, and from the North Sea to the Alps.

• Charles Martel and Pepin the Short

  • Charles Martel (688-741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death.
  • Continuing and building on his father's work, he restored centralized government in Francia and began the series of military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the undisputed masters of all Gaul.
  • Although Charles never assumed the title of king, he divided Francia, as a king would have, between his sons Carloman and Pepin.
  • Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman.
  • He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia.

• Charlemagne's Reforms

  • The effects of this cultural revival were largely limited to a small group of court literati; according to John Contreni, "it had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society."
  • Charlemagne's vast conquests brought him into contact with the cultures and learnings of other countries, especially Moorish Spain, Anglo-Saxon England, and Lombard Italy, and greatly increased the provision of monastic schools and scriptoria (centers for book copying) in Francia.

• The Double Disasters

  • The Normans had come from the Duchy of Normandy in West Francia, which in 911 had been granted to the Viking Rollo in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte by the French king Charles the Simple.

• The Dominion of New England

  • The inscription around the edge is an abbreviation for Iacobus Secundus Dei Gratia Magnae Britanniae, Franciae et Hiberniae Rex, Fidei Defensor ("James the Second, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith"), the monarch's full title, an inscription which was also on the Great Seal of the Realm.