Examples of flagella in the following topics:
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- Microtubules are also the structural elements of flagella, cilia, and centrioles (the latter are the two perpendicular bodies of the centrosome).
- In eukaryotic cells, flagella and cilia are quite different structurally from their counterparts in prokaryotes.
- When present, the cell has just one flagellum or a few flagella.
- Despite their differences in length and number, flagella and cilia share a common structural arrangement of microtubules called a "9 + 2 array."
- This transmission electron micrograph of two flagella shows the 9 + 2 array of microtubules: nine microtubule doublets surround a single microtubule doublet.
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- They are often distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella.
- The flagella, in spirochaetes, runs lengthwise between the inner and outer membranes in the periplasmic space.
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- Some bacteria, such as E. coli, have several flagella per cell (4–10 typically) .
- Counter-clockwise rotation - aligns the flagella into a single rotating bundle, causing the bacterium to swim in a straight line.
- Clockwise rotation - breaks the flagella bundle apart such that each flagellum points in a different direction, causing the bacterium to tumble in place.
- The directions of rotation are given for an observer outside the cell looking down the flagella toward the cell.
- Change in the rotation state of a single flagellum can disrupt the entire flagella bundle and cause a tumble.
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- Each diplomonad cell has two identical nuclei and uses several flagella for locomotion.
- Parabasalids move with flagella and membrane rippling.
- Euglenoids move through their aquatic habitats using two long flagella that guide them toward light sources sensed by a primitive ocular organ called an eyespot.
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- Red algae, or rhodophytes, are primarily multicellular, lack flagella, and range in size from microscopic, unicellular protists to large, multicellular forms grouped into the informal seaweed category.
- Chlamydomonas is a simple, unicellular chlorophyte with a pear-shaped morphology and two opposing, anterior flagella that guide this protist toward light sensed by its eyespot.
- Volvox colonies contain 500 to 60,000 cells, each with two flagella, contained within a hollow, spherical matrix composed of a gelatinous glycoprotein secretion.
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- In contrast, flagellate cells in other eukaryote groups propel themselves with one or more anterior flagellae.
- Most fungi do not produce cells with flagellae, but the primitive fungal chytrids do, suggesting that a common ancestor of current fungal species did have a flagellum.
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- Chytrids are the most primitive group of fungi and the only group that possess gametes with flagella.
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- It is a genus comprising elongated forms with clusters of flagellae at both poles.
- These cellular appendages are neither pili nor flagella, as they are extensions of the cellular membrane and contain cytosol.
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- In 1981 she argued that eukaryotic cells originated as communities of interacting entities, including endosymbiotic spirochetes that developed into eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
- This last idea has not received much acceptance because flagella lack DNA and do not show ultrastructural similarities to bacteria or archaea.
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- The sperm of modern gymnosperms lack flagella, but in cycads and the Gingko, the sperm still possess flagella that allow them to swim down the pollen tube to the female gamete; however, they are enclosed in a pollen grain.