factorial

Examples of factorial in the following topics:

• The First Factories

• The Factory System

• Factorial Experiments: Two Factors

  • A full factorial design may also be called a fully crossed design.
  • For example, with two factors each taking two levels, a factorial experiment would have four treatment combinations in total, and is usually called a 2 by 2 factorial design.
  • A factorial experiment can be analyzed using ANOVA or regression analysis.
  • This table shows the notation used for a 2x2 factorial experiment.
  • This figure is a sketch of a 2 by 3 factorial design.

• Factories, Working Women, and Wage Labor

  • The many children employed in early factories were paid very low wages because they were seen to be supplementing family income.
  • Lowell, a Massachusetts merchant, was permitted to tour British textile factories in 1810.
  • Lowell's factory employed young female workers, some as young as ten years old.
  • Factories were crowded and extremely loud with poor air quality and little to no ventilation.
  • Some factories did not allow employees to sit down.

• The Factory System

  • The development of machine tools greatly increased the efficiency and productivity of factories and mills in the early 19th century.
  • The division of labor was crucial to the transition from small artisan's shops to early factories which made use of non-specialized labor.
  • Early textile factories frequently relied on the labor of women and children .
  • Other factory owners adopted Lowell's practices of providing housing and other living necessities for the workforce, and using semi-automated machines in a centralized factory building or complex.
  • Describe two key features of the factory system in early 19th-century America

• Modern Management

  • The mechanization of the manufacturing process allowed workers to be more productive in less time and factories to operate more efficiently.
  • His redesign increased the speed of factory machines and the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor.
  • Factories became an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers.

• Early Efforts in Urban Reform

  • Early efforts in urban reform were driven by poor conditions exposed by tragedies such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.
  • The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.
  • The New York State Legislature then created the Factory Investigating Commission to "investigate factory conditions in this and other cities and to report remedial measures of legislation to prevent hazard or loss of life among employees through fire, unsanitary conditions, and occupational diseases."
  • It was largely spontaneous, sparked by a short walkout of workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, involving only about 20% of the workforce.
  • The union also became more involved in electoral politics, in part as a result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.

• Short Run Outcome of Monopolistic Competition

  • The most common example of this is the production of a good that requires a factory.
  • If demand spikes, in the short run you will only be able to produce the amount of good that the capacity of the factory allows.
  • This is because it takes a significant amount of time to either build or acquire a new factory.
  • If demand for the good plummets you can cut production in the factory, but will still have to pay the costs of maintaining the factory and the associated rent or debt associated with acquiring the factory.
  • You could sell the factory, but again that would take a significant amount of time.

• Two-Way ANOVA

  • Another term for the two-way ANOVA is a factorial ANOVA.
  • Factorial experiments are more efficient than a series of single factor experiments and the efficiency grows as the number of factors increases.
  • Consequently, factorial designs are heavily used.
  • We define a factorial design as having fully replicated measures on two or more crossed factors.
  • In a factorial design multiple independent effects are tested simultaneously.

• Demand-pull production system and quick setups to reduce lot sizes

  • The traditional approach to manufacturing management promotes a strong focus on machine and labor utilization.The view was that if managers make sure that workers and machines are always busy, then surely the factory will be productive and efficient.This approach is called the "push" system of manufacturing, where raw material and work-in-process is continuously pushed through the factory in the pursuit of high utilization.The problem with this approach is that it usually produces high levels of inventories, long lead times, overtime costs, high levels of potential rework, and workers who are competing with one another rather than working cooperatively.
  • In contrast to the push system, JIT espouses a "demand-pull" system that operates on the rule that work should flow to a work center only if that work center needs more work.If a work center is already occupied with work activity, the upstream work center should stop production until the downstream work center communicates a need for more material.The emphasis on maintaining high utilization is removed in a JIT environment.The focus of a JIT environment is on addressing the challenges that affect the overall effectiveness of the factory (setup time reduction, quality improvement, enhanced production techniques, waste elimination, etc. ) in meeting its strategic goals, rather than allowing excess inventory to cover up inefficiencies that reduce the factory's competitiveness.
  • Driving down setup costs and setup times are key to dramatically improving factory competitiveness in a JIT environment.
  • In the 1980s, the 3M company converted a factory that made a few adhesive products in long production runs into a factory that made over 500 adhesive products in small production runs.