Examples of F-plasmid in the following topics:
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- The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes.
- Plasmid vectors minimalistically consist of an origin of replication that allows for semi-independent replication of the plasmid in the host and also the transgene insert.
- In the case of plasmids utilized as transcription vectors, incubating bacteria with plasmids generates hundreds or thousands of copies of the vector within the bacteria in hours.
- Plasmids may be conjugative / transmissible and non-conjugative.
- Conjugative vectors mediate DNA transfer through conjugation and therefore spread rapidly among the bacterial cells of a population, such as the F plasmid, as well as many R and some col plasmids.
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- Plasmids used in genetic engineering are called vectors .
- Many plasmids are commercially available for such uses.
- Only bacteria that take up copies of the plasmid survive, since the plasmid makes them resistant.
- Another way to classify plasmids is by function.
- Fertility F-plasmids, which contain tra genes.
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- Perhaps the most well-studied is the F pilus of Escherichia coli, encoded by the F plasmid or fertility factor .
- Typically, the DNA transferred consists of the genes required to make and transfer pili (often encoded on a plasmid), and is a kind of selfish DNA; however, other pieces of DNA often are co-transferred, and this can result in dissemination of genetic traits, such as antibiotic resistance, among a bacterial population.
- Conjugation diagram 1- Donor cell produces pilus. 2- Pilus attaches to recipient cell, brings the two cells together. 3- The mobile plasmid is nicked, and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. 4- Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors.
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- Plasmid sizes vary from 1 to over 1,000 kbp.
- The term plasmid was first introduced by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.
- Plasmids are considered replicons .They can be found in all three major domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
- Similar to viruses, plasmids are not considered by some to be a form of life.
- The upper half of the image shows a bacterium with its chromosomal DNA and plasmids dividing into two identical bacteria, each with their chromosomal DNA and plasmids.
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- Argobacterium causes Crown Gall Disease by transferring a DNA plasmid to the host plant, causing the host to make nutrients for it.
- A. tumefaciens can transfer part of its DNA to the host plant, through a plasmid - a bacterial DNA molecule that is independent of a chromosome.
- For example, plasmids can confer on bacteria the ability to fix nitrogen, or to resist antibiotic compounds.
- Typically bacteria transfer plasmids through conjugation: a donor bacteria creates a tube called a pilus that penetrates the cell wall of the recipient bacteria and the plasmid DNA passes through the tube.
- The other bacteria either integrates the plasmid into its chromosomes, or it remains free-floating in the cytoplasm.
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- Plasmids are DNA molecules that are capable of replicating independently from the chromosomal DNA.
- Plasmids are often characterized by their circular appearance and double-strands; they also vary in size and number.
- The use of plasmid DNA in molecular biology is considered to be recombinant DNA technology.
- The advantages of plasmid DNA transfer allow for survival advantages.
- Specifically, the exchange of plasmid DNA falls under transformation.
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- Plasmid vectors minimally consist of the transgene insert and an origin of replication, which allows for semi-independent replication of the plasmid in the host.
- Plasmids may be conjugative/transmissible or non-conjugative.
- Nonconjugative plasmids do not mediate DNA through conjugation.
- The pGEX-3x plasmid is a popular cloning vector.
- The various elements of the plasmid are labelled.
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- Antisense RNAs have also been found to be naturally occurring in bacteria such as E. coli with the R1 plasmid.
- For example, the small regulatory RNAs, MicC, and MicF, are able to regulate expression of outer membrane proteins (OmpC and OmpF) which function in controlling transport of metabolites and toxins.
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- An expression vector is generally a plasmid that is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell.
- An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is generally a plasmid that is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell .
- The plasmid is frequently engineered to contain regulatory sequences that act as enhancer and promoter regions and lead to efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector.
- Cloning vectors, which are very similar to expression vectors, involve the same process of introducing a new gene into a plasmid, but the plasmid is then added into bacteria for replication purposes.
- The pGEX-3x plasmid is a popular cloning vector.
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- Some of nif genes are: Nif A, D, L,K, F,H S,U,Y,W,Z .
- The nif genes can be found on bacteria's chromosomes, but many times they are found on bacteria's plasmids with other genes related to nitrogen fixation, such as the genes needed for the bacteria to communicate with the plant host.