extinction

Examples of extinction in the following topics:

• Biodiversity Change through Geological Time

  • Biodiversity has been affected by five mass extinction periods, which greatly influenced speciation and extinction rates.
  • There are many lesser, yet still dramatic, extinction events, but the five mass extinctions have attracted the most research.
  • The Ordovician-Silurian extinction event is the first-recorded mass extinction and the second largest.
  • The end-Permian extinction was the largest in the history of life.
  • The causes of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event are not clear.

• Present-Time Extinctions

  • Human activities probably caused the Holocene mass extinctions; many methods have been employed to estimate these extinction rates.
  • Adding to the extinction list, the Japanese sea lion, which inhabited a broad area around Japan and the coast of Korea, became extinct in the 1950s due to overfishing.
  • The list is not complete, but it describes 380 extinct species of vertebrates after 1500 AD, 86 of which were made extinct by over-hunting or overfishing.
  • One contemporary extinction rate estimate uses the extinctions in the written record since the year 1500.
  • Secondly, the number of recently-extinct species is increasing because extinct species now are being described from skeletal remains.

• The Pleistocene Extinction

  • The Pleistocene Extinction is one of the lesser extinctions and a relatively-recent one.
  • The extinction appears to have happened in a relatively-restricted time period between 10,000–12,000 years ago.
  • It seems probable that over-hunting was a factor in extinctions in many regions of the world.
  • In general, the timing of the Pleistocene extinctions correlated with the arrival of humans and not with climate-change events, which is the main competing hypothesis for these extinctions.
  • It seems clear that even if climate played a role, human hunting was an additional factor in the extinctions.

• Post-Cambrian Evolution and Mass Extinctions

  • The post-Cambrian era was characterized by animal evolution and diversity where mass extinctions were followed by adaptive radiations.
  • The end of the Permian period (and the Paleozoic Era) was marked by the largest mass extinction event in Earth's history, a loss of roughly 95 percent of the extant species at that time.
  • Another mass extinction event occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period, bringing the Mesozoic Era to an end.
  • Late in the Cenozoic, further extinctions followed by speciation occurred during ice ages that covered high latitudes with ice and then retreated, leaving new open spaces for colonization.
  • Differentiate among the causes of mass extinctions and their effects on animal life

• Educational Implications

  • Among the methods derived from behaviorist theory for practical classroom application are contracts, consequences, reinforcement, extinction, and behavior modification.

• Biodiversity of Plants

  • Plant biodiversity, vital to ecosystems, food crops, and medicine production, is threatened by habitat destruction and species extinction.
  • Ebony and Brazilian rosewood, both on the endangered list, are examples of tree species driven almost to extinction by indiscriminate logging .
  • The number of plant species becoming extinct is increasing at an alarming rate.
  • They may become extinct before we have the chance to begin to understand the possible impacts resulting from their disappearance.
  • Indiscriminate logging, which leads to the clearing of whole habitats, has become a severe threat to plant biodiversity and has led to species extinction.

• Evolution of Amniotes

  • Synapsids include all mammals, including extinct mammalian species.
  • Anapsids include extinct organisms and may, based on anatomy, include turtles (Testudines), which have an anapsid-like skull with one opening.
  • The diapsids include birds and all other living and extinct reptiles.
  • The archosaurs include modern crocodiles and alligators, and the extinct pterosaurs ("winged lizard") and dinosaurs ("terrible lizard").

• Loss of Biodiversity

  • In fact, there were several factors that played a role in the extinction of perhaps 200 cichlid species in Lake Victoria.
  • Extinction, a natural process of macroevolution, occurs at the rate of about one out of 1 million species becoming extinct per year.
  • The fossil record reveals that there have been five periods of mass extinction in history with much higher rates of species loss.
  • The rate of species loss today is comparable to those periods of mass extinction.
  • However, there is a major difference between the previous mass extinctions and the current extinction we are experiencing: human activity.

• Managing Fisheries

  • Overfishing leads to fishery extinctions, loss of a food source, and affects many other species in ways that may be impossible to predict.
  • Fishery extinctions rarely lead to complete extinction of the harvested species, but rather to a radical restructuring of the marine ecosystem in which an abundant species is so over-harvested that it becomes a minor player, ecologically.
  • In general, the fish taken from fisheries have shifted to smaller species as larger species are fished to extinction.
  • In general, the fish taken from fisheries have shifted to smaller species as larger species are fished to extinction.
  • The ultimate outcomes of overfishing and the commercial extinctions of fish stocks could include the loss of aquatic systems as food sources and economic crises for societies that depend on them.

• Evolution of Reptiles

  • These groups remained inconspicuous until the Triassic period when the archosaurs became the dominant terrestrial group due to the extinction of large-bodied anapsids and synapsids during the Permian-Triassic extinction.
  • The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction resulted in the loss of most of the large-bodied animals of the Mesozoic Era.
  • Edmontonia, an example of an extinct quadruped reptile, was an armored dinosaur that lived in the late Cretaceous period, 145.5 to 65.6 million years ago.