Examples of essential fatty acid in the following topics:
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- Because their genesis in body tissues is tied to the metabolism of the essential fatty acid arachadonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) they are classified as eicosanoids.
- The metabolic pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to the various eicosanoids are complex and will not be discussed here.
- It is helpful to view arachadonic acid in the coiled conformation shown in the shaded box.
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- Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using microorganisms.
- Fermentation in food processing typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions.
- Fermentation is also employed in the leavening of bread (CO2 produced by yeast activity); in preservation techniques to produce lactic acid in sour foods such as sauerkraut, dry sausages, kimchi, and yogurt; and in the pickling of foods with vinegar (acetic acid).
- Preservation of substantial amounts of food through lactic acid, alcohol, acetic acid, and alkaline fermentations.
- Biological enrichment of food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and vitamins.
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- The omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and the omega-6 linoleic acid are essential fatty acids needed to synthesize some membrane phospholipids.
- Many people take supplements to ensure they are obtaining all the essential fatty acids they need.
- Sea buckthorn contains many of these fatty acids and is also high in vitamins .
- These amino acids are the "essential" amino acids.
- These include vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids, and some amino acids.
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- This involves the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and the esterification of fatty acids in the production of triglycerides, a process called lipogenesis.
- Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units.
- The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids involves a desaturation reaction, whereby a double bond is introduced into the fatty acyl chain.
- The doubly unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid as well as the triply unsaturated α-linolenic acid cannot be synthesized in mammalian tissues, and are therefore essential fatty acids and must be obtained from the diet.
- Outline the characteristics and processes of lipid biosynthesis, including:; lipogenesis and fatty acid biosynthesis
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- Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.
- Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid.
- Essential fatty acids are fatty acids required for biological processes, but not synthesized by the human body.
- Omega-3 fatty acid, or alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) , falls into this category and is one of only two fatty acids known to be essential for humans (the other being omega-6 fatty acid, or linoleic acid).
- Alpha-linolenic acid is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid.
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- The common feature of these lipids is that they are all esters of moderate to long chain fatty acids.
- Acid or base-catalyzed hydrolysis yields the component fatty acid, some examples of which are given in the following table, together with the alcohol component of the lipid.
- Natural fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, and as the following data indicate, the saturated acids have higher melting points than unsaturated acids of corresponding size.
- The higher melting points of the saturated fatty acids reflect the uniform rod-like shape of their molecules.
- Two polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic, are designated "essential" because their absence in the human diet has been associated with health problems, such as scaley skin, stunted growth and increased dehydration.
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- Humans and other mammals require fatty acids such as linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), because they cannot be synthesized from simple precursors in the diet.
- Fish oils are especially rich in the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) .
- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid.
- It is essential for proper functioning of the brain in both adults and infants.
- DHA concentrations in breast milk range from 0.07-1.0% of total fatty acids and are influenced by the amount of fatty fish in the mother's diet.
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- These molecules
are broken down into essential amino acids and fatty acids and used as fuel for cellular functions.
- The Basics of Nutrition: Macronutrients, Amino and Fatty Acids, and Micronutrients
- There are
twenty standard amino acids, nine of which are essential and must be
obtained from food.
- Fats, or lipids, are combinations of fatty acids.
- Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are particularly important in maintaining health, while trans fatty acids have been found to harm body function.
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- Like fats, they are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone.
- Unlike triglycerides, which have three fatty acids, phospholipids have two fatty acids that help form a diacylglycerol.
- Some lipid tails consist of saturated fatty acids and some contain unsaturated fatty acids.
- This separation is essential for many biological functions, including cell communication and metabolism.
- A phospholipid is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.
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- Many bacteria are capable of utilizing fatty acids of various tail lengths as sole energy and carbon sources.
- This process requires the β-oxidation pathway, a cyclic process that catalyzes the sequential shortening of fatty acid acyl chains to the final product, acetyl-CoA.
- Fatty acid chains are converted to enoyl-CoA (catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase).
- The fatty acid chain that is left over after the thiolation step can then reenter the β-oxidation pathway, which can cycle until the fatty acid has been completely reduced to acetyl-CoA.
- Free fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA by dedicated enzymes in the β-oxidation pathway.