employment

Examples of employment in the following topics:

• Case: China establishes a new employment contract law for 2008

  • In an effort to promote better employment relationships between employers and employees, and establish stricter guidelines for Employment practices, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) passed a new employment contract law in June 2007 which became effective on January 1, 2008.
  • This law requires all employers to enter into contracts with their employees within 30 days of full-time employment and sets out guidelines for their implementation.
  • An employee's resident ID cards, files or contract papers are retained by an employer illegally or the employer collects an unrequired financial guarantee from an employee.
  • If an employer hires an employee whose contract with another employer has not yet been terminated or ended, causing the other employer to suffer a loss, it shall be jointly and severally liable with the employee for damages.
  • The new employment contract law will enhance employees' rights in striving for better employment terms and working conditions.

• Defining Full Employment

  • In macroeconomics, full employment is the level of employment rates where there is no cyclical or deficient-demand unemployment.
  • Full employment is often seen as an "ideal" unemployment rate.
  • The full employment unemployment rate is also referred to as "natural" unemployment.
  • As an example, the United States is committed to full employment.
  • Full employment is defined as "ideal" unemployment.

• Collective Bargaining

  • Collective bargaining is negotiation between unions and employers to come to an agreement on the conditions of employment.
  • In collective bargaining, the process of negotiation between employees and employers, employees attempt to achieve employment conditions that serve their shared interests.
  • A collective agreement functions as a labor contract between an employer and one or more unions.
  • This act makes it illegal for employers to discriminate, spy on, harass, or terminate the employment of workers because of their union membership.
  • It is also illegal to require any employee to join a union as a condition of employment.

• A Brief Definition

  • Through collective bargaining, employers and employees negotiate the conditions of employment.
  • Factory workers may unionize and use collective bargaining to determine a wage rate that is mutually beneficial to the workers and the employers.
  • Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching an agreement that regulates working conditions .
  • The parties often refer to the result of the negotiation as a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) or as a collective employment agreement (CEA).
  • A collective agreement functions as a labor contract between an employer and one or more unions.

• Labor Laws

  • Collective labor law concerns the relationship between employee, employer, and union.
  • Both types of labor law define employment standards.
  • Government agencies enforce employment standards codified by labor law.
  • The basic feature of labor law is that the rights and obligations between the worker and the employer are mediated through the employment contract.
  • It prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race or color, religion, sex, and national origin, by public and private employers, labor organizations, training programs, and employment agencies.

• Terminations

  • Job seekers sometimes do not mention jobs which they were fired from on their résumés; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment, and refusal to contact previous employers are often regarded as "red flags. "
  • But there are also times when a termination date is agreed upon before the employment starts in an employment contract.
  • Other forms of manipulation may be used and often these tactics are done so that the employer won't have to fill out termination papers in jurisdictions without at-will employment.
  • Depending on the circumstances, one whose employment has been terminated may or may not be able to be rehired by the same employer.
  • If the decision to terminate was the employee's, the willingness of the employer to rehire is often contingent upon the relationship the employee had with the employer, the amount of notice given by the employee prior to departure, and the needs of the employer.

• Fair Labor Standards Act

  • In general, as long as an employee is engaging in activities that benefit the employer, regardless of when they're performed, the employer has an obligation to pay the employee for his or her time.
  • It also specified that travel to and from the work place was a normal incident of employment and shouldn't be considered paid working time.
  • Exemptions are narrowly construed; an employer must prove that the employees fit "plainly and unmistakeably" within the exemption's terms.
  • Still, an employer cannot simply exempt workers from the FLSA by calling them independent contractors, and many employers have illegally misclassified their workers as independent contractors.
  • Some employers similarly mislabel employees as volunteers.

• Postponing Job Hunting

  • Job hunting is the act of looking for employment, due to unemployment or discontent with a current position.
  • Job hunting is the act of looking for employment, due to unemployment or discontent with a current position.
  • The immediate goal of job seeking is usually to obtain a job interview with an employer which may lead to getting hired.
  • The job hunter typically first looks for job vacancies or employment opportunities.
  • Many job seekers research the employers to which they are applying, and some employers see evidence of this as a positive sign of enthusiasm for the position or the company, or as a mark of thoroughness.

• Americans with Disabilities Act

  • The ADA makes it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities in employment, public transportation, and communications.
  • It would be undue hardship for the company to install an elevator, but the employer has another option.
  • The employer is responsible for moving the location of the interview to a reasonable accommodation.
  • It covers all employment practices, including application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.
  • The ADA applies to private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies, and labor unions.

• A Research Example

  • Devah Pager and Lincoln Quillian compared employers' responses on questions involving race-related hiring practices to their actual hiring practices by sending matched pairs of young men to apply for jobs, either both of European descent or both of African descent, but one of the men had a criminal record.
  • Pager and Quillian found that employers claimed they would be much more willing to hire an ex-offender than they were.
  • Additionally, while the survey results showed no difference in hiring preferences between African-Americans and European-Americans, employers were more than three times as likely to call job applicants with a European lineage back in comparison to Americans with an African lineage.
  • In short, Pager and Quillian found that employers, in their survey responses, were more open to the idea of hiring both African-Americans and ex-offenders than they were to the actual practice.