elongation

Examples of elongation in the following topics:

• Elongation and Termination in Prokaryotes

  • Transcription elongation begins with the release of the polymerase σ subunit and terminates via the rho protein or via a stable hairpin.
  • The transcription elongation phase begins with the release of the σ subunit from the polymerase.
  • As elongation proceeds, the DNA is continuously unwound ahead of the core enzyme and rewound behind it .
  • Since the base pairing between DNA and RNA is not stable enough to maintain the stability of the mRNA synthesis components, RNA polymerase acts as a stable linker between the DNA template and the nascent RNA strands to ensure that elongation is not interrupted prematurely.
  • During elongation, the prokaryotic RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA template, synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction, and unwinds and rewinds the DNA as it is read.

• Types of Root Systems and Zones of Growth

  • The root tip has three main zones: a zone of cell division, a zone of elongation, and a zone of maturation.
  • The root tip can be divided into three zones: a zone of cell division, a zone of elongation, and a zone of maturation .
  • The zone of elongation is where the newly-formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root.
  • A longitudinal view of the root reveals the zones of cell division, elongation, and maturation.

• Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis

  • The transcription process includes the following steps: initiation, elongation and termination .
  • DNA replication, like all biological polymerization processes, proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
  • RNA Polymerase, an enzyme that produces RNA, from T. aquaticus pictured during elongation.

• Mannerist Sculpture

  • Mannerist sculpture, like Mannerist painting, was characterized by elongated forms, spiral angles, twisting poses, and aloof subject gazes.
  • While sculpture of the High Renaissance is characterized by forms with perfect proportions and restrained beauty, as best characterized by Michelangelo's David, Mannerist sculpture, like Mannerist painting, was characterized by elongated forms, spiral angels, twisted poses, and aloof subject gazes.
  • He and his followers devised elegant, elongated examples of the figura serpentinata, often of two intertwined figures, that were interesting from all angles and joined the Piazza della Signora collection.

• The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

  • As with mRNA synthesis, protein synthesis can be divided into three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • The basics of elongation are the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • The energy for each step of the ribosome is donated by an elongation factor that hydrolyzes GTP.
  • The elongation factor eEF1 assists in loading the aminoacyl-tRNA, powering the process through the hydrolysis of GTP.
  • The elongation factor eEF2 assists in the translocation, powering the process through the hydrolysis of GTP.

• Mannerism

  • Mannerist artists began to reject the harmony and ideal proportions of the Renaissance in favor of irrational settings, artificial colors, unclear subject matters, and elongated forms.
  • Younger artists trying to do something new and different began to reject harmony and ideal proportions in favor of irrational settings, artificial colors, unclear subject matters, and elongated forms.

• Romanesque Sculpture: Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia

  • Sculpture of this era is marked by a love of inventive surface patterns and an expressive approach to the human body, using elongation, unnatural poses, and emphatic gestures to convey states of mind.
  • Rudolf's tomb reflects these characteristics: the sculpture of his body is elongated and lies with a scepter in one hand and an orb in the other, symbolic of the royal title he claimed but never held in life.

• Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotics

  • In general, protein synthesis inhibitors work at different stages of prokaryotic mRNA translation into proteins, like initiation, elongation (including aminoacyl tRNA entry, proofreading, peptidyl transfer, and ribosomal translocation), and termination.
  • Chloramphenicol blocks the peptidyl transfer step of elongation on the 50S ribosomal subunit in both bacteria and mitochondria.
  • Quinupristin binds to a nearby site on the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents elongation of the polypeptide.
  • Fusidic acid prevents the turnover of elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome.

• Spanish Painting in the Northern Renaissance

  • Many of his works reflect the silvery-greys and strong colors of Venetian painters such as Titian, while adding strange elongations of figures, unusual lighting, disposing of perspective space, and filling the surface with very visible and expressive brushwork.
  • El Greco's preference for exceptionally tall and slender figures and elongated compositions, which served both his expressive purposes and aesthetic principles, led him to disregard the laws of nature and elongate his compositions to ever greater extents, particularly when they were destined for altarpieces.
  • In this otherworldy depiction, El Greco has elongated the bodies and filled negative spaces with sweeping, expressive lines and forms to create a sense of drama.

• Mannerist Painting

  • The early Mannerist painters in Florence—especially Jacopo da Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino, both students of Andrea del Sarto—are notable for using elongated forms, precariously balanced poses, a collapsed perspective, irrational settings, and theatrical lighting.
  • Because of this, the style's elongated forms and distorted forms were once interpreted as a reaction to the idealized compositions prevalent in High Renaissance art.
  • In Parmigianino's Madonna with the Long Neck (1534–40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, highly stylized poses, and lack of clear perspective.
  • This work by Pontormo exemplifies early Mannerist paintings—the setting is irrational, the human forms are elongated and balanced in twisted poses, and the coloring of the work is artificial, as opposed to naturalistic.