East-West Schism

Examples of East-West Schism in the following topics:

• The Great Schism of 1054

  • The centuries-long gradual religious separation between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires culminated in the institutional separation known as the East-West Schism.
  • The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.
  • The ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes between the Greek East and Latin West pre-existed the formal rupture that occurred in 1054.
  • This was known as the East-West Schism.
  • The religious distribution after the East-West Schism between the churches of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in 1054 CE.

• The Byzantine Empire

  • Finally, in 1054, the East-West Schism officially made the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople, its own separate entity from the Roman Catholic Church.

• The Crusades

  • Christianity had spread throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East in Late Antiquity, but by the early 8th century Christian rule had become limited to Europe and Anatolia after the Muslim conquests.
  • To the east of Europe lay the Byzantine Empire, composed of Christians who had long followed a separate Orthodox rite; the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches had been in schism since 1054.
  • By the mid-1090s, the Byzantine Empire was largely confined to Balkan Europe and the northwestern fringe of Anatolia, and faced Norman enemies in the west as well as Turks in the east.
  • Alexios was worried about the advances of the Seljuqs, who had reached as far west as Nicaea, not far from Constantinople.
  • Urban responded favorably, perhaps hoping to heal the Great Schism of forty years earlier, and to reunite the Church under papal primacy by helping the eastern churches in their time of need.

• The Fourth Crusade

  • The Fourth Crusade is considered to be one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, and a key turning point in the decline of the Byzantine Empire and Christianity in the Near East.
  • Andrew II of Hungary waged the Bosnian Crusade against the Bosnian church, which was theologically Catholic but in long-term schism with the Roman Catholic Church.
  • The collapse of the papacy's moral authority and the rise of nationalism rang the death knell for crusading, ultimately leading to the Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism.
  • The attempt failed, however, as the vast majority of Greek civilians and a growing part of their clergy refused to recognize and accept the short-lived near-union of the churches of East and West signed at the Council of Florence and Ferrara by the Ecumenical patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople.
  • These were not the traditional expeditions aimed at the recovery of Jerusalem but rather defensive campaigns intended to prevent further expansion to the west by the Ottoman Empire.

• Statistical Literacy

  • What part of the state of Texas (North, South, East, or West) contains the highest elevation?

• The Last Byzantine Dynasty

  • In the west, the Latins were unable to expand into Anatolia; consolidating Thrace against Bulgaria was a challenge that kept the Latins occupied for the duration of the Latin Empire.
  • In order to protect his empire from further attacks by Western knights, he attempted to end the schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
  • The loss of land in the east to the Turks and in the west to the Bulgarians was complemented by two disastrous civil wars, the Black Death and the 1354 earthquake at Gallipoli, whose destruction and evacuation allowed the Turks to occupy it.

• Crisis in Berlin

  • Accordingly, Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West.
  • The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that closing this loophole and securing the Soviet-imposed East-West-Berlin frontier was imperative.
  • At the end of that period, Khrushchev declared, the Soviet Union would turn over to East Germany complete control of all lines of communication with West Berlin; the western powers then would have access to West Berlin only by permission of the East German government.
  • At midnight the army, police, and units of the East German Army began to close the border, and by morning on Sunday August 13, 1961 the border to West Berlin had been shut.
  • East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles, and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km (97 mi) around the three western sectors and the 43 km (27 mi) that actually divided West and East Berlin.

• West Nile Virus

  • West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus found in temperate and tropical regions of the world.
  • WNV was first identified in the West Nile subregion in the East African nation of Uganda in 1937.
  • WNV is now considered to be an endemic pathogen in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and in the United States.
  • Approximately 80% of West Nile virus infections in humans cause no symptoms.
  • Discuss the causes, symptoms and diseases (West Nile encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis and poliomyelitis) caused by the West Nile virus (WNV)

• Emperor Heracluis

  • Temporary success in the West was achieved at the cost of Persian dominance in the East, where the Byzantines were forced to pay tribute to avert war.
  • However, the religion he left behind would transform the Middle East.
  • This approach seemed to be an acceptable compromise, and it secured widespread support throughout the East.
  • The two remaining patriarchs in the East also gave their approval to the doctrine now referred to as Monothelitism, and so it looked as if Heraclius would finally heal the divisions in the imperial church.
  • His successor Pope John IV (640-42) also rejected the doctrine completely, leading to a major schism between the eastern and western halves of the Chalcedonian Church.

• Pinckney's Treaty

  • Pinckney's Treaty between Spain and the United States defined the boundaries of the Spanish colonies of West and East Florida.
  • Among other things, the treaty ended the first phase of the West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.
  • With the signing of the treaty in 1795, the border between the United States and the Spanish colonies of East and West Florida became what is now the line through the present-day states of Georgia and Florida, respectively, and the territory extended from the northern boundary of the Florida panhandle to the northern boundary of that portion of Louisiana East of the Mississippi.
  • Finally, in 1800, under duress from Napoleon of France, Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France.
  • These disputes would, in turn, determine which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish territory and would greatly affect the Jeffersonian administration.