de facto segregation

Examples of de facto segregation in the following topics:

• Savage Inequalities

  • Kozol concludes that these disparities in school quality perpetuate inequality and constitute de facto segregation.
  • He argues that racial segregation is still alive and well in the American educational system; this is due to the gross inequalities that result from unequal distribution of funds collected through both property taxes and funds distributed by the state in an attempt to "equalize" the expenditures of schools.
  • Although segregation is officially illegal, unequal school funding can create de facto segregation.

• Separate But Equal

  • Separate but equal laws supported segregation in the south by stating that providing comparable public services did not violate equal rights.
  • Jim Crow laws reestablished segregation and white supremacy in many southern states.
  • There was not legally sanctioned racial segregation in northern states, as there was in southern states, but black residents and other people of color often faced a de facto segregation that limited their ability to, for example, live in certain neighborhoods or hold certain jobs.

• Brown v. Board of Education and School Integration

  • Board of Education was a Supreme Court case which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
  • Ferguson decision of 1896 that allowed state-sponsored segregation.
  • Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. " As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S.
  • Eventually, the key decision of the Court was that even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers, segregation by itself was socially and psychologically harmful to black students and, therefore, unconstitutional.
  • Summarize the phenomena of de jure and de facto segregation in the United States during the mid-1900s and the significance of the Brown v.

• The Spread of Segregation

  • They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans.
  • De jure segregation mainly applied to the southern United States.
  • Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices and job discrimination.
  • Examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, as well as the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains.
  • The U.S. military was also segregated.

• Jim Crow Laws

  • Jim Crow laws, enacted between 1876 and 1965, mandated de jure racial segregation in the public facilities of southern states.
  • They mandated de jure (or legalized) racial segregation in all public facilities in southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans .
  • De jure segregation mainly applied to the southern United States.
  • Northern segregation was generally de facto (in practice, rather than established by formal laws), with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices, for decades.
  • A segregative sign on a restaurant in Lancaster, Ohio, 1938.

• Disenfranchising African Americans

  • They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans.
  • De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States.
  • Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination.
  • Examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, as well as the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains.
  • The U.S. military was also segregated.

• Jim Crow Laws

  • These laws mandated de jure (i.e. legalized) racial segregation in all public facilities—public schools, public transportation, and public places such as restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains—in former Confederate states, with a supposedly "separate-but-equal" status for black Americans.
  • De jure segregation applied mainly in the Southern United States.
  • Northern segregation was generally de facto (i.e. occurring in practice, rather than being established by formal laws), with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination—including discriminatory union practices—for decades.
  • These Democratic, conservative Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, segregating black people from the white population.
  • Cartoon from 1904 depicting racial segregation in the United States as "White" and "Jim Crow" rail cars.  

• Clarifying Ambiguous Words

  • An example of how the indexing technique can be applied to separate the different meanings of words can be seen in the following analysis of "segregation" and "integration", surely two of the most contentious terms in today's political vocabulary.
  • The basic distinction I have found that is relevant to sorting out "segregation" and "integration" is that between a way of acting and a state of of affairs or situation.
  • This kind of segregation is sometimes called de facto, in itself an acknowledgment that the word does not always mean the same thing.
  • This kind of segregation is sometimes called de jure.
  • Is it segregation in its statistical sense, racial imbalance, segregation1, that is morally evil?

• Conclusion: The Successes and Failures of Progressivism

  • The Progressive Era coincided with the Jim Crow era, which saw intense segregation and discrimination of African Americans.
  • The legitimacy of laws requiring segregation of blacks was upheld by the U.S.
  • Plessy thus allowed segregation, which became standard throughout the southern United States, and represented the institutionalization of the Jim Crow period.
  • Segregation was never mandated by law in the Northern states, but a "de facto" system grew for schools, in which nearly all black students attended schools that were nearly all-black.

• The Diversity Debate

  • The institutional practice of slavery, and later segregation, in the United States prevented certain racial groups from entering the school system, particularly systems of higher education, until midway through the 20th century when the Supreme Court case of Brown v.
  • Board of Education forbade racially segregated education.
  • The Court ruled that school segregation stunted the educational development of minority children.
  • In affirmative action programs, the state goes beyond ensuring de jure equality for racial minorities in public education and makes strides to create conditions for de facto equality.