criminalization

Examples of criminalization in the following topics:

• Persecution in the International Criminal Court

• Differential Association Theory

  • This theory focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals, but it does not concern itself with why they become criminals.
  • To some extent, both non-criminal and criminal individuals are motivated by the need for money and social gain.
  • Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
  • The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
  • While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.

• Crime and Criminal Justice

  • Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at deterring and mitigating crime.
  • Police department reforms are an example of legislative attempts to regulate or improve criminal justice.
  • Police department reforms are an example of legislative attempts to regulate or improve criminal justice.
  • Criminal justice is the system of practices and government institutions directed at upholding social control, deterring, and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.
  • The American criminal justice system consists of three main parts: (1) enforcement; (2) adjudication; and (3) corrections.

• Civil Law and Criminal Law

  • Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime and civil law deals with disputes between organizations and individuals.
  • Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.
  • Criminal law also sets out the punishment to be imposed on people who do not obey these laws.
  • Criminal law differs from civil law, whose emphasis is more on dispute resolution than in punishment.
  • Civil law differs from criminal law, which emphasizes punishment rather than dispute resolution.

• Global Crime

  • Like national and local organized crime, global crime includes highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit.
  • In order to achieve their goals, these criminal groups utilize systematic violence and corruption.
  • This has led to the rise of global criminal organizations such as Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street gang.
  • In doing so, it has been argued, national and international criminal groups threaten the security of all nations.
  • While the International Criminal Court can prosecute individuals for crimes against humanity, it has no jurisdiction over other global crimes.

• Biological Theories of Deviance

  • The Italian School was interested in why some individuals engaged in criminal behavior and others did not.
  • He belived that atavism was a sign of inherent criminalities, and thus he viewed born criminals as a form of human sub-species.
  • Garofalo's presentaion of crime as a violation of a human universal allows for one to characterize criminals as unnatural.
  • Italian School biological explanations have not resonated in criminal justice systems in America.
  • Cesare Lombroso argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings

• Organized Crime

  • Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals.
  • Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit.
  • Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection."
  • An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob.
  • A distinctive gang culture underpins many, but not all, organized groups; this may develop through recruiting strategies, social learning processes in the corrective system experienced by youth, family, or peer involvement in crime, and the coercive actions of criminal authority figures.

• The Sixth Amendment

  • The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions.
  • In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

• U.S. District Courts

  • The 94 U.S. district courts oversee civil and criminal cases within certain geographic or subject areas.
  • The U.S. district courts are responsible for holding general trials for civil and criminal cases.
  • Meanwhile, criminal cases involve a U.S. attorney (the prosecutor), a grand jury, and a defendant.
  • Criminal cases involve an arraignment hearing in which defendants enter a plea to the charges brought against them by the U.S. attorney.
  • Each state has at least one district court that is responsible for overseeing civil and criminal cases in a given region.

• Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System

  • Class structure within the criminal justice system helps determine the types of crimes individuals will commit.
  • They discussed the fact that inner city kids tended to be more involved in a criminal lifestyle than kids who lived in the suburbs.
  • Being able to afford to live in better parts of the city (and thus having wealth) afforded certain kids better opportunities in terms of lifestyle and education, leading to less crime and criminal involvement.
  • Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.
  • Within the criminal justice system, there are three basic elements that constitute it: the police, the courts, and punishment.