Examples of criminal law in the following topics:
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Civil Law and Criminal Law
- Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime and civil law deals with disputes between organizations and individuals.
- Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.
- Criminal law also sets out the punishment to be imposed on people who do not obey these laws.
- Criminal law differs from civil law, whose emphasis is more on dispute resolution than in punishment.
- Civil law differs from criminal law, which emphasizes punishment rather than dispute resolution.
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Types of Crime
- Criminal law, as opposed to civil law, is the body of law that relates to crime and that defines conduct that is not allowed.
- Criminal law, as opposed to civil law, is the body of law that relates to crime.
- Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences, or sanctions, for failure to abide by its rules.
- In criminal law, an offense against the person usually refers to a crime which is committed by direct physical harm or force being applied to another person.
- Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection. " An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob.
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Crime and Criminal Justice
- Criminal justice is the system of practices and government institutions directed at upholding social control, deterring, and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.
- These distinct agencies are the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society.
- The first contact an offender has with the criminal justice system is usually with law enforcement, most often the police who investigate a suspected violation and make an arrest.
- The commission advocated a "systems" approach to criminal justice, with improved coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies.
- Police officers are the most visible members of the law enforcement branch of the criminal justice system, and are charged with maintaining social order by arresting offenders who violate the law.
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Differential Association Theory
- Differential association predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding.
- To some extent, both non-criminal and criminal individuals are motivated by the need for money and social gain.
- A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.
- The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
- Differential association theory predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding.
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Formal Means of Control
- Formal means of social control are generally state-determined, through the creation of laws and their enforcement.
- When Sam kills Katie, he is a criminal guilty of murder.
- Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines.
- Within the civil law context, sanctions are usually monetary fines.
- When Sam kills Katie, he is a criminal guilty of murder.
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Crime
- Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction.
- Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction.
- For example: as cultures change and the political environment shifts, societies may criminalize or decriminalize certain behaviors, which directly affects the statistical crime rates, influences the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and re-influences the general public opinion.
- The state becomes involved because governing entities can become convinced that the costs of not criminalizing, through allowing the harms to continue unabated, outweigh the costs of criminalizing it, restricting individual liberty, for example, to minimize harm to others.
- Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society.
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Global Crime
- In order to achieve their goals, these criminal groups utilize systematic violence and corruption.
- This has led to the rise of global criminal organizations such as Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street gang.
- In doing so, it has been argued, national and international criminal groups threaten the security of all nations.
- These include the creation of domestic criminal offences to combat the problem, and the adoption of new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal assistance, extradition, law-enforcement cooperation and technical assistance and training.
- While the International Criminal Court can prosecute individuals for crimes against humanity, it has no jurisdiction over other global crimes.
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Biological Theories of Deviance
- He belived that atavism was a sign of inherent criminalities, and thus he viewed born criminals as a form of human sub-species.
- Classical thinkers accepted the legal definition of crime uncritically; crime is what the law says it is.
- Most significant was Garofalo's reformulation of classical notions of crime and his redefinition of crime as a violation of natural law, or a human universal.
- Italian School biological explanations have not resonated in criminal justice systems in America.
- Cesare Lombroso argued that criminality was a biological trait found in some human beings
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Organized Crime
- Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals.
- Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit.
- Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection."
- An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob.
- Organized crime groups seek out corrupt public officials in executive, law enforcement, and judicial roles so that their activities can avoid, or at least receive early warnings about, investigation and prosecution.
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The Sixth Amendment
- The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions.
- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.