cox 1 and cox 2 enzyme

Examples of cox 1 and cox 2 enzyme in the following topics:

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

  • These enzymes are called cox 1 and cox 2 enzyme.
  • COX-1 is a common enzyme found in most mammalian cells and are produced at constant amounts.
  • The COX-2 enzyme is more rare and is usually undetected in most tissue cells.
  • There are some NSAIDs that block the COX-2 enzyme more than the COX-1 enzyme, which prevents the cause of ulcers.
  • Salicylic acid binds to the activate site in Cox-2 and inhibits Cox-2.

• Aspirin and Thrombolytic Agents

  • The better way to prevent heart disease is to have a healthy diet and to exercise.
  • But fixing your diet and exercising are also critically important.
  • The platelet patch can become too large and block blood flow both locally and downstream.
  • Although aspirin also raises the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and other major bleeds by about twofold, these events are rare, and the balance of aspirin's effects is positive.
  • Though aspirin and other salicylates have similar effects (antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic) to other NSAIDs, inhibiting the same enzyme cyclooxygenase, only aspirin does so in an irreversible manner and, aslo unlike other salicylates, affects the COX-1 variant more than the COX-2 variant of the enzyme.

• Box-Cox Transformations

  • George Box and Sir David Cox collaborated on one paper (Box, 1964).
  • $\displaystyle{x'_\lambda=\frac{e^{\lambda log(x)}-1}{\lambda} \approx \frac{(1+\lambda log(x) + \frac{1}{2}\lambda^2 log(x)^2 + ...)-1}{\lambda} \rightarrow log(x)}$
  • Examples of the Box-Cox transformation xʹ versus x for λ = −1, 0, 1.
  • Examples of the Box-Cox transformation versus log(x) for −2 < λ< 3.
  • The bottom curve corresponds to λ = −2 and the upper to λ = 3

• The Election of 1920

  • Cox.
  • Cox, who was the Ohio governor and, like Harding, a newspaper publisher who established a chain that still operates today as the media conglomerate Cox Enterprises.
  • Cox conducted a whirlwind campaign that included rallies and formal addresses, visiting 36 states and making 394 speeches that reached an estimated total audience of up to 2 million people.
  • His 26.2% is the largest margin of victory in the popular vote since James Monroe ran unopposed in 1820.
  • The Democratic Party vote total was almost exactly as in 1916 and Democrats took only 1,100 counties in the nation, but the Republican Party vote nearly doubled and nearly two-thirds of counties were carried by Republican candidates.

• Postwar Politics and the Election of 1920

  • Cox.
  • To help his campaign, Cox chose future President Franklin D.
  • Until the election of Lyndon Johnson in 1964, Harding's victory remained the largest popular-vote percentage margin (60.3% to 34.1%).
  • Cox also hedged.
  • On election night, November 2, 1920, commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns for the first time.

• References

  • Cox, B.
  • Literacy Teaching and Learning 3(1), 55-76.
  • Cox, B.
  • Reading Research Quarterly, 41(2), 254-267.
  • Oxford Review of Education, 22(1), 5-16.

• The Cover-Up and the Unraveling

  • Special Counsel Archibald Cox was appointed as prosecutor to investigate the scandal.
  • "Cox ordered that Nixon hand over the secret tapes.
  • When Cox tried to get an injunction for the release of the tapes, Nixon ordered Elliot Richardson, the attorney general, to fire Cox, as it was the Justice Department that had hired him.
  • Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Rickelshaus to fire Cox, but he, like Richardson, refused and resigned.
  • Despite these assurances, the legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides.

• Fever

  • This pathway is mediated by the enzymes phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 synthase.
  • These enzymes ultimately mediate the synthesis and release of PGE2.
  • Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors such as aspirin are commonly used to reduce fever, although treatments designed to inhibit pyrogens are also effective.
  • When TNFα or any of these cytokine factors bind to cells in phospolipids in the brain, the arachidonic acid pathway is activated and PGE2 released to act on the hypothalamus and cause the fever response.
  • Fever is normally a beneficial immune process since increased body temperature can kill off bacteria and viruses and denature bacterial enzymes.

• Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Antimicrobial nanotechnology is a recent addition to the fight against disease-causing organisms, replacing heavy metals and toxins, and may some day be used as a viable alternative.
  • It is important to make a distinction between sulfa drugs and other sulfur-containing drugs and additives, such as sulfates and sulfites, which are chemically unrelated to the sulfonamide group and do not cause the same hypersensitivity reactions seen in the sulfonamides.
  • In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis.
  • As such, the microorganism will be "starved" of folate and die.
  • The sulfonamide chemical moiety is also present in other medications that are not antimicrobials, including thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide, among others), loop diuretics (including furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide), sulfonylureas (including glipizide, glyburide, among others), and some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib), and acetazolamide.

• A Theory of Learning to Read

  • According to Clay (2005a), the theorist who designed the program, reading is a "message getting, problem-solving activity." ( p.1) Alternatively, Clay notes, writing is a "message sending, problem-solving activity." ( p.1)
  • Furthermore, according to Cox and Hopkins (2006), it is Clay's belief that children construct their own understanding of the reading process and in addition, bring a wealth of prior knowledge to the task.
  • First, reading and writing are connected processes and should be performed in conjunction with each other.
  • Second, children learn how to read and write by participating in authentic reading and writing tasks on continuous texts (Cox & Hopkins, 2006).
  • visual cues (understanding and applying text layout, directionality, and as letter/sound correspondence).