conduct disorder

Examples of conduct disorder in the following topics:

• Psychological Theories of Deviance

  • One case study of a psychological theory of deviance is the case of conduct disorder.
  • Conduct disorder is a psychological disorder diagnosed in childhood that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate norms are violated.
  • According the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–IV (the professional manual listing all medically recognized mental disorders and their symptoms), conduct disorder presents as aggressive and disrespectful behavior.
  • In addition, youth with conduct disorder demonstrated less responsiveness in the orbitofrontal regions of the brain during a stimulus-reinforcement and reward task.
  • According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – IV, the professional manual listing all medically recognized mental disorders and their symptoms, conduct disorder presents as aggressive and disrespectful behavior.

• Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

  • Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders are characterized by disturbances in behavioral and emotional self-regulation.
  • In 2013, the 5th revision to the DSM (DSM-5) added a chapter on disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.
  • It brings together several disorders that were previously included in other chapters (such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania) into one single category.
  • Almost all adolescents who have a substance use disorder have conduct disorder-like traits; therefore it is important to exclude a substance-induced cause before diagnosing CD.
  • Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders are often seen in childhood, and involve a range of anti-social symptoms.

• Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders

  • Cluster B disorders include antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
  • The individual must be at least 18 years old; there must be evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15; and the occurrence of antisocial behavior must not exclusively be during the course of schizophrenia or a bipolar manic episode.
  • The hippocampus tends to be smaller in those who suffer from this disorder, as it is in people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • Another theory suggests that histrionic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder could have a possible relationship to one another.
  • Features of conduct disorder (CD) are necessary for a diagnosis of ASPD.

• Other Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

  • Other obsessive-compulsive disorders include body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder.
  • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
  • Included in this category are body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder.
  • Hoarding appears to be more common in people with psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • In several MRI studies that have been conducted, it has been found that people with trichotillomania have more gray matter (the regions of the brain involved in muscle control and sensory perception) in their brains than those who do not suffer from the disorder.

• Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

  • CBT is one of the most widely researched and most effective treatments for depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
  • Pivotal to this merging was the successful development of treatments for panic disorder by David M.
  • In adults, CBT has been shown to have effectiveness and a role in the treatment plans for anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, chronic low back pain, personality disorders, psychosis, substance use disorders, and in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with fibromyalgia and post-spinal-cord injuries.
  • In children and adolescents, CBT is an effective part of treatment plans for anxiety disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, depression and suicidality, eating disorders and obesity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as tic disorders, trichotillomania, and other repetitive-behavior disorders.
  • The research conducted for CBT has been a topic of sustained controversy.

• Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Premature Osteoporosis

  • Female athlete triad is a combination of eating disorders, disrupted menstruation, and low bone density.
  • Disordered eating is defined among this situation due to the low caloric intake or low energy availability.
  • The disordered eating that accompanies female athlete triad can range from avoiding certain types of food the athlete thinks are "bad" (such as foods containing fat) to serious eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.
  • While most athletes do not meet the criteria to be diagnosed with an eating disorder such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, many will exhibit disordered eating habits.
  • Having low dietary energy from excessive exercise and/or dietary restrictions leaves too little energy for the body to carry out normal functions such as proceeding through a regular menstrual cycle or conducting bone maintenance.

• Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The DSM

  • Axis II: Personality disorders and/or developmental disorders (such as intellectual disabilities, formerly called mental retardation).
  • Notable changes include the change from autism and Asperger syndrome to a combined autism spectrum disorder; dropping the subtype classifications for variant forms of schizophrenia; dropping the "bereavement exclusion" for depressive disorders; a revised treatment and naming of gender-identity disorder to gender dysphoria; and changes to the criterion for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • Although DSM-5 is longer than DSM-IV, the volume includes only 237 disorders, a decrease from the 297 disorders that were listed in DSM-IV.
  • Researchers use the DSM diagnoses to conduct studies and trials on patients, and this research determines which treatment approaches provide the most effective results.
  • Evaluate the pros and cons of the DSM system of classifying mental disorders

• Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

  • Substance use disorder combines the previous DSM-IV-TR categories of "substance abuse" and "substance dependence" into a single disorder, measured on a diagnostic continuum from mild to severe.
  • On average, general medical facilities hold 20% of patients with substance-related disorders, which could possibly lead to psychiatric disorders later on.
  • Over 50% of individuals with substance-related disorders will often have a dual diagnosis, where they are simultaneously diagnosed with another psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being major depression, dysthymia, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders.
  • Severity of the substance use disorders is based on the number of criteria endorsed, where 2-3 endorsements indicate a mild disorder, 4-5 indicate a moderate disorder, and 6 or more indicate severe substance use disorder.
  • According to a study conducted by Alec Roy, formerly at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage.

• Gland Disorders

• Human Sex-Linked Disorders