commonwealth

Examples of commonwealth in the following topics:

• Catherine's Foreign Policy Goals

  • In 1768, she formally became protector of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which provoked an anti-Russian uprising in Poland, the Confederation of Bar (1768–72).
  • After the uprising broke down due to internal politics in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, she established a system of government fully controlled by the Russian Empire through a Permanent Council, under the supervision of her ambassadors and envoys.
  • Afraid the progressive May 3rd Constitution of Poland (1791) might lead to a resurgence in the power of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the growing democratic movements inside the Commonwealth might become a threat to the European monarchies, Catherine decided to intervene in Poland.
  • After defeating Polish loyalist forces in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and in the Kościuszko Uprising (1794), Russia completed the partitioning of Poland, dividing all of the remaining Commonwealth territory with Prussia and Austria (1795).
  • The partitions were conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures.

• The English Protectorate

  • The Commonwealth was the period when England, later along with Ireland and Scotland, was ruled as a republic following the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I (1649).
  • Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State.
  • The Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth when England (which at that time included Wales), Ireland and Scotland were governed by a Lord Protector.
  • The Protectorate began in 1653 when, following the dissolution of the Rump Parliament and then Barebone's Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth under the terms of the Instrument of Government.
  • Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of England from 1653 to 1659 during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.

• Monarchy

  • Of these, 16 are Commonwealth realms such as Canada and Australia that recognize the monarch of the United Kingdom as their head of state.
  • Of these, 16 are Commonwealth realms such as Canada and Australia that recognize the monarch of the United Kingdom as their head of state.

• Monarchies and Liberal Democracies

  • Currently, 44 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognize Queen Elizabeth II of England as their head of state.
  • Currently, 44 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state—16 of those are Commonwealth realms that recognize Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state.

• Promoting the General Welfare

  • Article IV of the Constitution of Massachusetts provides authority for the state to make laws "as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this commonwealth. " The actual phrase "general welfare" appears only in Article CXVI, which permits the imposition of capital punishment for "the purpose of protecting the general welfare of the citizens. "
  • Similarly, Article IV of the Constitution of Massachusetts provides authority for the state to make laws "as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this commonwealth. " The actual phrase "general welfare" appears only in Article CXVI, which permits the imposition of capital punishment for "the purpose of protecting the general welfare of the citizens. "

• Cromwell and the Roundheads

  • The escalating conflict between Charles I of England and the English Parliament resulted in the English Civil War, in the aftermath of which monarchy disappeared for over a decade and Oliver Cromwell ruled  as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
  • The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of Charles II, and the replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53) and then the Protectorate (1653–59) under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.
  • Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–53).

• Peter's Foreign Policy

  • As Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony, gained the Polish crown in 1696, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at conflict with Sweden since the mid-17th century, automatically became a member of the alliance.
  • Sweden parried the Danish and Russian attacks at Travendal and Narva and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II's forces through the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony, dethroning Augustus on the way and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt (Augustus was restored in 1709).
  • While during Peter's reign, Russia did not formally wage wars with Poland-Lithuania, Peter made the most of the internal chaos and power struggles in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
  • In the end, Saxony-Commonwealth ended up as the only power in the victorious coalition with no territorial gains.
  • Russia took Livonia, a territory that had been historically contested by Sweden, Russian, and Poland-Lithuania, and the Commonwealth no longer shared a border with Sweden.

• Interstate Relations

  • Four states use the official name of Commonwealth, rather than State.

• Peace Overtures and the Evacuation of Philadelphia

  • The commission was empowered to offer the colonies the semblance of self-rule, or what later became Commonwealth status.

• Savings and Loan Associations (S&Ls)

  • The terms "S&L" or "thrift" are mainly used in the United States; similar institutions in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries include building societies and trustee savings banks.