cognitive dissonance

Examples of cognitive dissonance in the following topics:

• Post-Purchase Behavior

  • An example of cognitive dissonance is when a customer might feel compelled to question whether he has made the right purchase decision.
  • Cognitive dissonance, another form of buyer's remorse, is common at this stage.
  • This approach could help influence or alleviate feelings of cognitive dissonance or "buyer's remorse" following a product purchase.

• The Cognitive and Achievement Approaches to Motivation

  • Cognitive and achievement approaches to motivation examine how factors like achievement goals and cognitive dissonance influence motivation.
  • Of particular interest is the role of cognitive dissonance on motivation.
  • Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person experiences conflict, contradiction, or inconsistency in their cognitions.
  • The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance in their cognitions by either changing or justifying their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
  • Smoking commonly causes cognitive dissonance.

• Attitudes

  • Leon Festinger proposed the cognitive-dissonance theory (1957), which states that a powerful motive to maintain cognitive consistency can give rise to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behavior.
  • According to Festinger, we hold many cognitions about the world and ourselves; when they clash, a discrepancy is evoked, resulting in a state of tension known as cognitive dissonance.
  • When we experience cognitive dissonance, we are motivated to decrease it because it is psychologically, physically, and mentally uncomfortable.
  • We can reduce cognitive dissonance by bringing our cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors in line—that is, making them harmonious.
  • Smokers often experience cognitive dissonance: they know that smoking is harmful to their health, but they continue to do it anyway.

• Examples Revisited

  • This lesson has used the presentation of new information to create cognitive dissonance, incremental presentation of stronger messages, positive role models, emotional presentations, and opportunities to exhibit and receive reinforcement for desired attitudes and behaviors.
  • The overflowing trash bags create cognitive dissonance, and their research helps them develop attractive dissonance-reducing choices.
  • Students whose diet and exercise habits were not consistent with good health probably experienced cognitive and affective dissonance during the lessons.

• Motivation

  • Motivation is versatile enough that it spans multiple areas, including physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social.
  • Cognitive dissonance theory: Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences an inconsistency between their views of the world around them and their own personal feelings and actions.

• Social Psychology

  • The field is also concerned with common cognitive biases—such as the fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer bias, the self-serving bias, and the just-world hypothesis—that influence our behavior and our perceptions of events.
  • After the war, researchers became interested in a variety of social problems including gender issues, racial prejudice, cognitive dissonance, bystander intervention, aggression, and obedience to authority.
  • Social psychologists theorize about how different cognitive biases influence people's perspectives on the event.

• Theories of Attitude Formation and Change

  • Early research on attitude change drew on Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, which posits that, when a person is persuaded to act in a way that is not congruent with a pre-existing attitude, he or she may change the attitude to reduce dissonance (Smith & Ragan, 1999).
  • To use dissonance to produce attitude change, the persuader must first establish the dissonance, and then provide a method to reduce it.
  • Affective-cognitive consistency theory suggests that the affective component of the attitude system may be changed by first changing the cognitive component through providing new information.
  • It does not matter how the new cognition is produced, only that it occurs.
  • See the chapters on Social Constructivism and Cognitive Apprenticeship, for example, for discussions of the importance of the social context for cognitive development.

• Lesson Plans for Attitudinal Objectives

  • Once the students have articulated their own pro-voting messages, dissonance-avoidance will lead them to personally accept those messages.
  • The message should be reinforced by discussion questions to support the learners' identification with the characters, provoke a variety of related cognitions, and provide the learners with a variety of opportunities to make observations related to the affective aspects of the presentation.
  • Since Mendes serves as an attractive and credible role model, this opportunity to make a public statement supporting the desired attitude should facilitate attitude adoption as an alternative to dissonance.

• Consonance and Dissonance

  • Or they may simply feel "unstable"; if you hear a chord with a dissonance in it, you may feel that the music is pulling you towards the chord that resolves the dissonance.
  • This discussion only covers consonance and dissonance in Western music.
  • Consonance and dissonance refer to intervals and chords.
  • Moving from a dissonance to the consonance that is expected to follow it is called resolution, or resolving the dissonance.
  • Why are some note combinations consonant and some dissonant?

• Tendency Tones and Functional Harmonic Dissonances

  • The primary contextual tendency for how melodic notes progress is the concept of functional dissonance.
  • Following are the scale degrees which act as dissonances for their respective functions:
  • Keep in mind that only sometimes do these functional dissonances express themselves in chords or intervals that are acoustically dissonant.
  • Thus, though they are proper members of the chord, melodically they will look like one of the three dissonance types of species counterpoint: a passing tone or neighbor tone dissonance that is approached by step, or a suspension dissonance that is approached by a common tone.
  • Functional dissonance resolutions often cause conflicts with other principles of voice leading.