cocktail party effect

Examples of cocktail party effect in the following topics:

• Selection

  • This is commonly seen in individuals who associate with a political party or religion: they tend to spend time with others who reinforce their beliefs.
  • This is known as the "cocktail party effect."

• The Role of Attention in Memory

  • Implicit attentional capture is important to understand when driving, because while you might not be aware of the effect a stimulus like loud music or an uncomfortable temperature is having on your driving, your performance will nevertheless be affected.
  • One famous example of attentional capture is the cocktail party effect, which is the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, much the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room. 
  • This effect is what allows most people to tune into a single voice and tune out all others.

• Political Parties

  • When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation.
  • Partisan style political parties varies according to each jurisdiction, depending on how many parties there are, and how much influence each individual party has.
  • In single-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power.
  • One right wing coalition party and one left wing coalition party is the most common ideological breakdown in such a system, but in two-party states political parties are traditionally parties that are ideologically broad and inclusive.
  • More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments.

• Political Parties

  • Typically, major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention, whereas minor party representatives and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process.
  • A person may choose to attend meetings of one local party committee one day and another party committee the next day.
  • Sweden has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
  • Germany, India, France, and Israel are examples of nations that have used a multi-party system effectively in their democracies (though in each case there are two parties larger than all others, even though most of the time no party has a parliamentary majority by itself).
  • The Pirate Party is the third largest party in Sweden in terms of membership.

• Political Parties from 1800–1824

  • The First Party System refers to political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824.
  • Anti-Federalist debates, it featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
  • By 1796 politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties, with party newspapers and caucuses becoming especially effective tools to mobilize voters.
  • In 1824-28, as the Second Party System emerged, the Republican Party split into the Jacksonian faction, which became the modern Democratic Party in the 1830s, and the Henry Clay faction, which was absorbed by Clay's Whig Party.
  • Distinguish the issues and policies supported by the first political parties and identify the central elements of the First Party System

• Introducing Externalities

  • A negative externality is an result of a product that inflicts a negative effect on a third party .
  • In contrast, positive externality is an action of a product that provides a positive effect on a third party.
  • Although the parties directly involved benefit from the exchange, third parties can experience additional effects.
  • For those involuntarily impacted, the effects can be negative (pollution from a factory) or positive (domestic bees kept for honey production, pollinate the neighboring crops).
  • In regards to externalities, one way to correct the issue is to internalize the third party costs and benefits.

• Vaccines and Anti-Viral Drugs for Treatment

  • When any of these drugs are used individually, the high mutation rate of the virus allows it to easily and rapidly develop resistance to the drug, limiting the drug's effectiveness.
  • The breakthrough in the treatment of HIV was the development of HAART, highly-active anti-retroviral therapy, which involves a mixture of different drugs, sometimes called a drug "cocktail."

• The Second Party System

  • Supporters of Jackson called themselves Democrats or the Democracy, giving birth to the Democratic Party and thus inaugurating the Second Party System.
  • The major parties during this time included the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and other opponents of Jackson.
  • Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, which was an important innovator from 1827–34 and flourished in only those states with a weak second party; the abolitionist Liberty Party of the 1840s; and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party, active in the 1848 and 1852 elections.
  • Regional effects strongly affected its developments, with the Adams forces strongest in New England, for example, and the Jacksonians strongest in the Southwest.
  • The Second Party System was also the first, and remains the only, party system in which the two major parties remained on about equal footing in every region.

• Partisan Politics

  • The Gilded party era was characterized by intense voter interest, routinely high voter turnout, and unflinching party loyalty.
  • This period is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System.
  • Party loyalty itself weakened as voters were switching between parties much more often.
  • Throughout the nineteenth century, third parties such as the Prohibition Party, Greenback Party and the Populist Party, evolved from widespread antiparty sentiment and a belief that governance should attend to the public good rather than partisan agendas.
  • Because this position was based more on social experiences than any political ideology, nonpartisan activity was generally most effective on the local level.

• HIV and AIDS

  • While antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these medications are expensive and may be associated with side effects.
  • Current HAART options are combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or "classes," of antiretroviralagents.
  • Combinations of agents which include a protease inhibitors (PI) are used if the above regime loses effectiveness.