classical conditioning

Examples of classical conditioning in the following topics:

• Classical Conditioning in Behavioral Therapy

• Applications of Classical Conditioning to Human Behavior

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning occurs when an unconditioned response becomes a conditional response to an unrelated conditional stimulus.
  • Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US), in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR).
  • The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response.
  • The conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell.
  • The conditioned response, therefore, was the salivation of the dogs in response to the conditioned stimulus (the ringing of the bell) .

• Conditioned Behavior

  • In classical conditioning, a behavior is paired with an unrelated stimulus; in operant conditioning, behaviors are modified by consequences.
  • Two types of conditioning techniques include classical and operant conditioning.
  • In classical conditioning, a response called the conditioned response is associated with a stimulus that it had previously not been associated with, the conditioned stimulus.
  • The most cited example of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs .
  • In the classic Pavlovian response, the dog becomes conditioned to associate the ringing of the bell with food.

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning: Pavlov

  • Ivan Pavlov's research on classical conditioning profoundly informed the psychology of learning and the field of behaviorism.
  • Through his research, he established the theory of classical conditioning.
  • In classical-conditioning terms, there is a gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response.
  • If we look at Pavlov's experiment, we can identify the four factors of classical conditioning at work:
  • With these results, Pavlov established his theory of classical conditioning.

• Applications of Classical Conditioning to Human Behavior

  • Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning in altering human behavior.
  • Since Ivan Pavlov's original experiments, many studies have examined the application of classical conditioning to human behavior.
  • Watson carried out a controversial classical conditioning experiment on an infant boy called "Little Albert."
  • Some therapies associated with classical conditioning include aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, and flooding.
  • Classical conditioning is used not only in therapeutic interventions, but in everyday life as well.

• Defining Learning

  • There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
  • Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.
  • Classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate events, or stimuli, that frequently happen together; as a result of this, we learn to anticipate events.
  • The conditioning is achieved when the sound of the bell on its own makes the dog salivate in anticipation for the meat.
  • Skinner researched operant conditioning by conducting experiments with rats in what he called a "Skinner box."

• Behavioral Psychology

  • Learning is seen as behavior change molded by experience; it is accomplished largely through either classical or operant conditioning (described below).
  • The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was widely known for describing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning. 
  • In this experiment, he used classical conditioning to teach a nine-month-old boy to be afraid of a white toy rat by associating the rat with a sudden loud noise.
  • "Operant conditioning," a term coined by psychologist B.
  • Ivan Pavlov is best known for his classical conditioning experiments with dogs.

• Behaviorism Advocates

  • He discovered that when the bell was rung at repeated feedings, the sound of the bell alone (a conditioned stimulus) would cause the dogs to salivate (a conditioned response).
  • Expanding on Watson's basic stimulus-response model, Skinner developed a more comprehensive view of conditioning, known as operant conditioning.
  • His model was based on the premise that satisfying responses are conditioned, while unsatisfying ones are not.
  • Operant conditioning is the rewarding of part of a desired behavior or a random act that approaches it.
  • This illustration illustrates operant conditioning.

• Classical Liberalism

  • Classical liberalism is a political philosophy committed to limited government, the rule of law, individual liberties, and free markets.
  • Hence, classical liberals believed that individuals should be free to pursue their self-interest without societal control or restraint.
  • Classical liberalism determined that individuals should be free to obtain work from the highest-paying employers.
  • Classical liberals also saw poor urban conditions as inevitable, and therefore opposed any income or wealth redistribution.
  • Classical liberals extended protection of the country to protection of overseas markets through armed intervention.