Examples of Byzantine Papacy in the following topics:
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- The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperor for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine Greece, Byzantine Syria, or Byzantine Sicily.
- With the exception of Pope Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur.
- From the late-6th to the late-8th century there was a turning of the papacy to the West and an escape from subordination to the authority of the Byzantine emperors of Constantinople.
- Another part of this phase occurred in the 8th century, after the rise of the new religion of Islam had weakened the Byzantine Empire and the Lombards had renewed their pressure in Italy.
- With Pope Leo III's coronation of Charlemagne, first of the Carolingian emperors, the papacy also gained the emperor's protection; this action established the precedent that, in Western Europe, no man would be emperor without being crowned by a pope.
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- It also decisively ended the so-called Byzantine Papacy, under which, since the reign of Justinian I a century before, the popes in Rome had been nominated or confirmed by the Emperor in Constantinople.
- To the Byzantines, this was an outrage, attacking their claim to be the true successors of Rome.
- With two Roman Empires, the Byzantines and the Franks, the authority of the Byzantine Empire was weakened.
- In the West they were no longer called "Romans," but "Greeks" (and eventually "Byzantines").
- The religious distribution after the East-West Schism between the churches of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire in 1054 CE.
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- The Byzantine Empire was ruled by the Isaurian or Syrian dynasty from 717 to 802.
- The Isaurian emperors were successful in defending and consolidating the Empire against the Caliphate after the onslaught of the early Muslim conquests, but were less successful in Europe, where they suffered setbacks against the Bulgars, had to give up the Exarchate of Ravenna, and lost influence over Italy and the Papacy to the growing power of the Franks.
- The campaign marked the culmination of twenty years of attacks and progressive Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands, while Byzantine strength was sapped by prolonged internal turmoil.
- Leo, however, tricked them and secured the Byzantine throne for himself.
- A gold coin, or solidus, engraved with the emperors of the Byzantine Isaurian Dynasty, from c. 780 CE.
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- Following the example of Charlemagne's coronation as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800, Otto was crowned emperor in 962 by Pope John XII in Rome, thus intertwining the affairs of the German kingdom with those of Italy and the papacy.
- Otto's later years were marked by conflicts with the papacy and struggles to stabilize his rule over Italy.
- Reigning from Rome, Otto sought to improve relations with the Byzantine Empire, which opposed his claim to emperorship and his realm's further expansion to the south.
- To resolve this conflict, the Byzantine princess Theophanu married Otto's son, Otto II, in April 972.
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- Generally, the Crusades refer to the campaigns in the Holy Land sponsored by the papacy against Muslim forces.
- The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire, and thus the Byzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests.
- For example, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but his successor allowed the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it.
- At the same time, the reform-minded papacy came into conflict with the Holy Roman Emperors, resulting in the Investiture Controversy.
- The papacy began to assert its independence from secular rulers, marshaling arguments for the proper use of armed force by Catholics.
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- Under the papacies of Calixtus II, Honorius II, Eugenius III, and Innocent II, smaller-scale crusading continued around the Crusader states in the early 12th century.
- The intention of the Crusaders was then to continue to the Holy Land with promised Byzantine financial and military assistance.
- Byzantine resistance based in unconquered sections of the empire such as Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus ultimately recovered Constantinople in 1261.
- Pope Martin IV compromised the papacy by supporting Charles of Anjou, and tarnished its spiritual luster with botched secular "crusades" against Sicily and Aragon.
- The collapse of the papacy's moral authority and the rise of nationalism rang the death knell for crusading, ultimately leading to the Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism.
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- However, Charlemagne made no claim to the Byzantine Empire.
- Furthermore, the papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues, chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm, the destruction of Christian images.
- From 750, the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified.
- In any event, Charlemagne used these circumstances to claim that he was the renewer of the Roman Empire, which was perceived to have fallen into degradation under the Byzantines.
- The papacy itself never forgot the title nor abandoned the right to bestow it.
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- Irene of Athens (c. 752 – 803 AD) was Byzantine empress from 797 to 802.
- As early as 781, Irene began to seek a closer relationship with the Carolingian dynasty and the Papacy in Rome.
- While this greatly improved relations with the Papacy, it did not prevent the outbreak of a war with the Franks, who took over Istria and Benevento in 788.
- These small farmers of Anatolia owed a military obligation to the Byzantine throne.
- However, Charlemagne made no claim to the Byzantine Empire.
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- Such was Cardinal Basilios Bessarion, a convert to the Latin Church from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy and was one of the most learned scholars of his time.
- Following the Crusader sacking of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the migration of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés, who had greater familiarity with ancient languages and works, furthered the revival of Greek and Roman literature and science.
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- Moreover, Charles—a great patron of Saint Boniface—made the first attempt at reconciliation between the Franks and the papacy.
- Being well disposed towards the church and papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church and evangelizing the Saxons.
- Pepin also intervened in favor of the papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy.
- The Byzantines, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius.