Examples of bone scan in the following topics:
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- Bone scans are a special type of nuclear scanning test that is often used to find bone cancer or bone inflammation.
- A bone scan picks up excessive osteoblastic activity, so it is useful for finding metastasized cancer tumors in the bone.
- A bone scan is a nuclear scanning test to find certain abnormalities in bone that are triggering the bone's attempts to heal.
- A nuclear bone scan is a functional test, which means it measures an aspect of bone metabolism or bone remodeling .
- Not all tumors are easily seen on the bone scan.
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- The nuclear medicine whole body bone scan is generally used in evaluations of various bone related pathology, such as for bone pain, stress fracture, nonmalignant bone lesions, bone infections, or the spread of cancer to the bone.
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- Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder that causes affected bones to become large and misshapen.
- Paget's disease of bone is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones.
- The excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue causes affected bone to weaken, resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures, and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones.
- If the alkaline phosphatase level is above normal, other tests such as a bone-specific alkaline phosphatase test, bone scan, or X-ray can be performed.
- The bone hypercellularity may then diminish, leaving a dense "pagetic bone," also known as burned-out Paget's disease .
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- Four of the most common types of brain scans are EEG, PET, MRI, and fMRI.
- The disadvantage of EEG is that the electric conductivity—and therefore the measured electrical potentials—may vary widely from person to person and also over time, due to the natural conductivities of other tissues such as brain matter, blood, and bones.
- As part of the scan, a tracer substance attached to radioactive isotopes is injected into the blood.
- In addition, PET scans are costly and invasive, making their use limited.
- An fMRI scan showing regions of activation (in orange) including the primary visual cortex.
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- Erythrocytes are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones at a rate of about 2 million cells per second in a healthy adult.
- Erythrocytes differentiate from erythrotropietic bone marrow cells, a type of hemopoietic stem cell found in bone marrow.
- Unlike mature RBCs, bone marrow cells contain a nucleus.
- Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as reticulocytes.
- The bilirubin is excreted through the digestive system in the form of bile, while some of the iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated back into the bone marrow by a carrier protein called transferrin.
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- Hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925 and the symptoms have collectively become known as "moans, groans, stones, and bones. " By far, the most common symptom is fatigue, but depression, memory loss, and bone aches are also very common.
- The most common and most accurate test to find a parathyroid tumor is the Sestamibi scan.
- This scan requires some expertise to perform, and, many times, the scan is negative because of lack of experience and poor technique.
- Even if a patient has a non-localizing Sestamibi scan (a negative sestamibi scan), he/she should almost always have a neck exploration to remove the tumor if he/she has high calcium levels, among other symptoms.
- Minimally-invasive parathyroid surgery is becoming more available, but, depending on the expertise of the surgeon, the patient may need to have a positive sestamibi scan before a minimally-invasive operation is attempted.
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- Scanned-probe microscopy uses a fine probe rather than a light-beam or electrons to scan the surface of a specimen and produce a 3D image.
- Scanned-probe microscopy (SPM) produces highly magnified and three-dimensional-shaped images of specimens in real time.
- A scan may cover a distance of over 100 micrometers in the x and y directions and 4 micrometers in the z direction.
- Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) scans a very small light source very close to the sample.
- Describe the different types of scanning probe techniques and their advantages over other types of microscopy
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- All the bones in the body can be described as long bones or flat bones.
- Bone is made of bone tissue, a type of dense connective
tissue.
- Cortical bone
is compact bone, while cancellous bone is trabecular and spongy bone.
- The outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, below which lies a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone), as shown in the following figure.
- These are flat bone, sutural bone, short bone, irregular, sesamoid bone, and long bone.
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- Bone is remodeled through the continual replacement of old bone tissue, as well as repaired when fractured.
- Bone remodeling is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
- It involves the processes of bone deposition or bone production done by osteoblasts and bone resorption done by osteoclasts, which break down old bone.
- Bone turnover rates, the rates at which old bone is replaced by new bone, are quite high, with five to seven percent of bone mass being recycled every week.
- Compact bone is added to create bone tissue that is similar to the original, unbroken bone.
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- Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures.
- Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly .
- Bone grafts may be autologous (bone harvested from the patient's own body, often from the iliac crest), allograft (cadaveric bone usually obtained from a bone bank), or synthetic (often made of hydroxyapatite or other naturally-occurring and biocompatible substances) with similar mechanical properties to bone.
- Most bone grafts are expected to be reabsorbed and replaced as the natural bone heals over a few months' time.
- Bone grafting is also used to fuse joints to prevent movement, repair broken bones that have bone loss, and repair broken bone that has not yet healed.