bone china

Examples of bone china in the following topics:

• Gross Anatomy

  • All the bones in the body can be described as long bones or flat bones.
  • Bone is made of bone tissue, a type of dense connective tissue.
  • Cortical bone is compact bone, while cancellous bone is trabecular and spongy bone.
  • The outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, below which lies a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone), as shown in the following figure.
  • These are flat bone, sutural bone, short bone, irregular, sesamoid bone, and long bone.

• Introduction to the Shang Dynasty

  • The Shang Dynasty is, therefore, generally considered China's first historical dynasty.
  • This culture would continue to thrive and evolve, and many modern Chinese still see the Shang culture as China's dominant culture.
  • The oldest surviving form of Chinese writing is inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—so-called oracle bones.
  • However, the writing on the oracle bones shows evidence of complex development, indicating that written language had existed for a long time.
  • This site yielded large numbers of oracle bones that describe the travels of eleven named kings.

• Bone Remodeling and Repair

  • Bone is remodeled through the continual replacement of old bone tissue, as well as repaired when fractured.
  • Bone remodeling is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
  • It involves the processes of bone deposition or bone production done by osteoblasts and bone resorption done by osteoclasts, which break down old bone.
  • Bone turnover rates, the rates at which old bone is replaced by new bone, are quite high, with five to seven percent of bone mass being recycled every week.
  • Compact bone is added to create bone tissue that is similar to the original, unbroken bone.

• Bone Grafting

  • Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures.
  • Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly .
  • Bone grafts may be autologous (bone harvested from the patient's own body, often from the iliac crest), allograft (cadaveric bone usually obtained from a bone bank), or synthetic (often made of hydroxyapatite or other naturally-occurring and biocompatible substances) with similar mechanical properties to bone.
  • Most bone grafts are expected to be reabsorbed and replaced as the natural bone heals over a few months' time.
  • Bone grafting is also used to fuse joints to prevent movement, repair broken bones that have bone loss, and repair broken bone that has not yet healed.

• Advancements Under the Shang

  • The Shang ruled China during its Bronze Age; perhaps the most important technology at the time was bronze casting.
  • Oracle bone inscriptions show that the Shang used chariots as mobile command vehicles and in royal hunts.
  • A significant number of Shang oracle bones were concerned with battle.
  • The oracle bones also show deep concern over the "barbarians" living outside the empire, who were a constant threat to the safety and stability of the kingdom; the military had to be constantly ready to fight them.

• Bone Scans

  • Bone scans are a special type of nuclear scanning test that is often used to find bone cancer or bone inflammation.
  • A bone scan is a nuclear scanning test to find certain abnormalities in bone that are triggering the bone's attempts to heal.
  • A nuclear bone scan is a functional test, which means it measures an aspect of bone metabolism or bone remodeling .
  • Nuclear bone scans are not to be confused with the completely different test often termed a "bone density scan," DEXA or DXA, which is a low exposure X-ray test measuring bone density to look for osteoporosis and other diseases where bones lose mass, without any bone re-building (osteoblastic) activity.
  • The technique, therefore, is sensitive to fractures and bone reaction to infections and bone tumors, including tumor metastases to bones, because all these pathologies trigger bone osteoblast activity.

• Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

  • The basic microscopic unit of bone is an osteon, which can be arranged into woven bone or lamellar bone.
  • Bones are composed of bone matrix, which has both organic and inorganic components.
  • Osteons can be arranged into woven bone or lamellar bone.
  • Woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone during development.
  • Lamellar bone makes up the compact or cortical bone in the skeleton, such as the long bones of the legs and arms.

• Bone Remodeling

  • Bone remodeling or bone turnover is the process of resorption followed by replacement of bone and occurs throughout a person's life.
  • Bone volume is determined by the rates of bone formation and bone resorption.
  • Numerous bone-derived growth factors have been isolated and classified via bone cultures.
  • Essentially, bone growth factors may act as potential determinants of local bone formation.
  • Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts.

• Cranial Bones

  • The neurocranium is comprised of eight bones: occipital, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, sphenoid, ethmoid, and the frontal bone.
  • The neurocranium consists of the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal bones—all are joined together with sutures.
  • The occipital bone borders the parietal bones through the heavily serrated lambdoidal suture, and also the temporal bones through occipitomastoid suture.
  • The squamosal suture separates the parietal bone and squama portion of temporal bone.
  • The frontal bone borders two other neurocranial bones—the parietal bones through the coronal sutures and the sphenoid bone through the sphenofrontal suture.

• Jade in Neolithic China

  • During Neolithic times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yangtze River Delta (during the Liangzhu culture, 3400–2250 BCE) and in an area of the Liaoning province in Inner Mongolia (during the Hongshan culture, 4700–2200 BCE).
  • The Liangzhu culture (3400-2250 BCE) was the last Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtze River Delta of China.
  • Many Liangzhu jade artifacts had a white, milky, bone-like aspect due to their tremolite rock origin and the influence of water-based fluids at burial sites, although jade made from actinolite and serpentine were also commonly found.