body plan

Examples of body plan in the following topics:

• Body Plans

  • Animal body plans can have varying degrees of symmetry and can be described as asymmetrical, bilateral, or radial.
  • Animal body plans follow set patterns related to symmetry.
  • In order to describe structures in the body of an animal it is necessary to have a system for describing the position of parts of the body in relation to other parts .
  • Animals exhibit different types of body symmetry.
  • The table illustrates common directional terms that are used to describe the position of body parts in relation to other body parts.

• Characteristics of the Animal Body

  • Every animal has a distinct body plan, adapted in response to environmental pressures, that limits its size and shape.
  • From a sponge to a worm to a goat, an organism has a distinct body plan that limits its size and shape.
  • The term body plan is the "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as symmetry, segmentation, and limb disposition.
  • Body plans have been considered to have evolved in a geologically-sudden flash during the Cambrian Explosion (roughly 542 million years ago).
  • However, there is also evidence of a more gradual development of body plans.

• Animal Characterization Based on Body Symmetry

  • Animals can be classified by three types of body plan symmetry: radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and asymmetry.
  • At a very basic level of classification, true animals can be largely divided into three groups based on the type of symmetry of their body plan: radially symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, and asymmetrical.
  • This form of symmetry marks the body plans of animals in the phyla Ctenophora (comb jellies) and Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, and other jellies) .
  • Only members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) have no body plan symmetry.
  • Differentiate among the ways in which animals can be characterized by body symmetry

• Vertebrate Axis Formation

  • Through the expression patterns of different genes, the three axes of the body are established, aiding in tissue and organ development.
  • As the body forms, it must develop in such a way that cells, tissues, and organs are organized correctly along these axes.
  • In early embryonic development, the formation of the primary body axes is a crucial step in establishing the overall body plan of each particular organism.
  • Wnt signaling is also involved in the axis formation of specific body parts and organ systems that are a part of later development.
  • Animal bodies have three axes for symmetry: anterior/posterior (front/behind), dorsal/ventral (back/belly), and lateral/medial (side/middle).

• Motor Areas

  • The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body, and the left half of the motor area controls the right side of the body.
  • Supplementary motor area (or SMA): Proposed functions include the internally generated planning of movement, planning of sequences of movement, and the coordination of the two sides of the body.
  • Posterior parietal cortex – Guides planned movements, spatial reasoning, and attention.

• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

  • In the Constitutional Convention, the Virginia Plan favored large states while the New Jersey Plan favored small states.
  • After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan.
  • Paterson's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan .
  • The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation.
  • The Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New Jersey Plan were added.

• The Business Plan

  • A business plan is a formal statement of a set of goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals.
  • A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals.
  • Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community.
  • The following categories are important inclusions in any business plan:
  • Business Plan Executive Summary: The executive summary is a snapshot of your business plan as a whole and touches on your company profile and goals.

• The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

  • The New Jersey plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress both elected with apportionment according to population.
  • The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation from the Articles of Confederation under one legislative body.
  • The plan proposed:
  • Ultimately, the Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New Jersey Plan were added.
  • House of Representatives, apportioned by population as desired by the Virginia Plan, and the Senate, granted equal votes per state as desired by the New Jersey Plan.

• The Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Thus, the CNS is commonly thought of as the control center of the body.
  • It is comprised of two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
  • the frontal lobe, which controls specialized motor control, learning, planning, and speech;
  • Its main function is maintaining coordination throughout the body.
  • The spinal cord connects the brain and brain stem to all of the major nerves in the body.

• The Role of the Federal Budget

  • The federal budget dictates how much money the government plans to raise and how it plans to spend it in the upcoming year.
  • The Federal Budget is the roadmap for how the national government plans to spend its money of the course of the upcoming year.
  • However, Congress is the body required by law to pass a budget annually and to submit the budget passed by both houses to the president for signature.
  • The Federal budget discloses how much the government plans to tax and how it plans to spend its money.