Bell's Palsy

Examples of Bell's Palsy in the following topics:

• Bell's Palsy

  • However, if no specific cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bell's palsy.
  • Patients with facial palsy for which an underlying cause can be found are not considered to have Bell's palsy per se.
  • Bell's palsy affects each individual differently.
  • Even without any treatment, Bell's palsy tends to carry a good prognosis.
  • Describe the condition of Bell's palsy and its effects on the face

• Facial (VII) Nerve

  • In an upper motor neuron lesion, called central seven (central facial palsy), only the lower part of the face on the contralateral side will be affected due to the bilateral control to the upper facial muscles (frontalis and orbicularis oculi).
  • Lower motor neuron lesions can result in a cranial nerve VII palsy (Bell's palsy is the idiopathic form of facial nerve palsy), manifested as both upper and lower facial weakness on the same side of the lesion.
  • A person attempting to show his teeth and raise his eyebrows with Bell's palsy on his right side (left side of the image).

• The Inventions of the Telephone and Electricity

  • Alexander Graham Bell is commonly credited as the inventor of the first practical telephone.
  • Bell's telephone transmitter (microphone) consisted of a double electromagnet, in front of which a membrane, stretched on a ring, carried an oblong piece of soft iron cemented to its middle.
  • The first long-distance telephone call was made on August 10, 1876, by Bell from the family homestead in Brantford, Ontario, to his assistant located in Paris, Ontario, some 10 miles away.
  • In June 1876, Bell exhibited a telephone prototype at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia.
  • Bell's telephone was the first apparatus to transmit human speech via machine.

• Graphing the Normal Distribution

  • The graph of a normal distribution is a bell curve, as shown below.
  • Bell curve visualizing a normal distribution with a relatively large standard deviation.
  • The graph of a normal distribution is known as a bell curve.
  • Bell curve visualizing a normal distribution with a relatively small standard deviation.
  • Evaluate a bell curve in order to picture the value of the standard deviation in a distribution

• Philosophical Implications

  • John Bell showed by Bell's theorem that this "EPR" paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories.

• Introduction

  • Its graph is bell-shaped.
  • You see the bell curve in almost all disciplines.

• Dental Anesthesia

  • The result is a temporary facial palsy (paralysis), with the injected side of the face drooping because of flaccid muscles, which disappears when the anesthesia wears off.
  • If the facial nerve is cut by an improperly inserted needle, permanent facial palsy can occur.

• Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

  • The conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell.
  • During conditioning, every time the animal was given food, the bell was rung.
  • After some time, the dog learned to associate the ringing of the bell with food and to respond by salivating.
  • After the conditioning period was finished, the dog would respond by salivating when the bell was rung, even when the unconditioned stimulus (the food) was absent.
  • The conditioned response, therefore, was the salivation of the dogs in response to the conditioned stimulus (the ringing of the bell) .

• Behaviorism Advocates

  • To determine whether external stimuli had an affect on this process, Pavlov rang a bell when he gave food to the experimental dogs.
  • He discovered that when the bell was rung at repeated feedings, the sound of the bell alone (a conditioned stimulus) would cause the dogs to salivate (a conditioned response).
  • Pavlov also found that the conditioned reflex was repressed if the stimulus proved "wrong" too frequently; if the bell rang and no food appeared, the dog eventually ceased to salivate at the sound of the bell.

• Conditioned Behavior

  • The conditioning stimulus that researchers associated with the unconditioned response was the ringing of a bell.
  • During conditioning, every time the animal was given food, the bell was rung.
  • After some time, the dog learned to associate the ringing of the bell with food and to respond by salivating.
  • Thus, the ringing of the bell became the conditioned stimulus and the salivation became the conditioned response.
  • In the classic Pavlovian response, the dog becomes conditioned to associate the ringing of the bell with food.