activity theory

Examples of activity theory in the following topics:

• Activity Theory

  • Activity theory proposes that successful aging occurs when older adults stay active and maintain social interactions.
  • The activity theory of aging proposes that older adults are happiest when they stay active and maintain social interactions.
  • The theory assumes a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction.
  • Havighurst's activity theory is at deliberate odds with what some perceive as the pessimism of disengagement theory.
  • However, critics of activity theory state that it overlooks inequalities in health and economics that hinders the ability for older people to engage in such activities.

• Transition State Theory

  • The species that is formed during the transition state is known as the activated complex.
  • TST is used to describe how a chemical reaction occurs, and it is based upon collision theory.
  • If the rate constant for a reaction is known, TST can be used successfully to calculate the standard enthalpy of activation, the standard entropy of activation, and the standard Gibbs energy of activation.
  • TST is also referred to as "activated-complex theory," "absolute-rate theory," and "theory of absolute reaction rates."
  • However, according to transition state theory, a successful collision will not necessarily lead to product formation, but only to the formation of the activated complex.

• Continuity Theory

  • The continuity theory proposes that older adults maintain the same activities, behaviors, personalities, and relationships of the past.
  • The continuity theory of normal aging states that older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviors, personality traits, and relationships as they did in their earlier years of life .
  • Maddox and Robert Atchley are most closely associated with the continuity theory.
  • The theory is criticized primarily for its definition of normal aging.
  • The theory also fails to explain how social institutions impact individuals and the way they age.

• Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotion

  • The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently.
  • Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
  • The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion was developed by researchers who criticized the James–Lange theory for its limited ability to account for the wide variety of emotions experienced by human beings.
  • While the James–Lange theory proposes that emotions arise from physical arousal the Cannon–Bard theory argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994).
  • According to the Cannon–Bard theory, emotional expression results from activation of the subcortical centers of the brain.

• Introduction

  • Various theories on learning have been developed with increasing frequency in the last few decades.
  • In order to understand the relationship between these theories, Curry's onion model (Curry, 1983) was developed with four layers -- personality learning theories, information processing theories, social learning theories, and multidimensional and instructional theories.
  • Information processing theories encompass individuals' preferred intellectual approach to assimilating information, and includes David Kolb's model of information processing, which identifies two separate learning activities: perception and processing (http://www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htm).
  • Multidimensional and instructional theories address the student's environmental preference for learning and includes the Learning Style Model of Dunn and Dunn and the multiple intelligences theory of Howard Gardner (http://www.teresadybvig.com/learnsty.htm).
  • This chapter focuses on this type of learning theory by Howard Gardner.

• Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory)

  • Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
  • Like the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories, the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.
  • For example, if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter–Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological arousal) that would be cognitively labeled as fear (cognition) based on the context.
  • Contrary to the James–Lange theory, therefore, which asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal, this theory argues that bodily changes can support conscious emotional experiences but do not necessarily cause them.
  • Describe the relationship between the "two factors" of two-factor theory, also known as Schachter–Singer theory

• MacGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

  • Theory X managers are micro-managers, whereas Theory Y managers believe in empowering employees.
  • The team members are active and supportive in our work climate and find the work itself rewarding.
  • Obviously, it's quite rare to find a purely Theory X or Theory Y orientation in an organization.
  • Regardless of which theory a manager lean towards, McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y causes managers to recognize employee differences.
  • Differentiate between the results of McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

• James–Lange Theory of Emotion

  • According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotions arise from physiological arousal.
  • Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
  • For example, if you were to encounter a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system (responsible for activating your fight-or-flight response) would initiate physiological arousal, making your heart race and increasing your breathing rate.
  • To address these limitations, other theories—such as the Cannon–Bard theory—have been developed.
  • Describe the relationship between emotion and arousal according to the James–Lange theory

• Classical Theory of Motivation

  • The classical theory of motivation includes the hierarchy of needs from Abraham Maslow and the two-factor theory from Frederick Herzberg.
  • Maslow's theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation .
  • A good manager will try to figure out which levels of needs are active for a certain individual or employee.
  • The theory is sometimes called the "Motivator-Hygiene Theory" or "The Dual Structure Theory. " Herzberg's theory has found application in such occupational fields as information systems and in studies of user satisfaction.
  • Maslow's theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation.

• Sources of Social Change

  • Some of the better-known approaches include deprivation theory, mass-society theory, structural-strain theory, resource-mobilization theory, political process theory and culture theory.
  • This particular section will thus pay attention to structural-strain theory and culture theory, while mass-society theory and political process theory will be discussed in greater detail later in "International Sources of Social Change" and "External Sources of Social Change," respectively.
  • Mobilization: this is the actual organizing and active component of the movement; people do what needs to be done in order to further their cause.
  • This theory is subject to circular reasoning since it claims that social/structural strain is the underlying motivation of social movement activism, even though social movement activism is often the only indication that there was strain or deprivation.
  • Both resource-mobilization theory and political process theory incorporate the concept of injustice into their approaches.