vestibular system

Examples of vestibular system in the following topics:

• The Vestibular System

  • Gravity, acceleration, and deceleration are detected by evaluating the inertia on receptive cells in the vestibular system.
  • The stimuli associated with the vestibular system are linear acceleration (gravity) and angular acceleration/deceleration.
  • Gravity, acceleration, and deceleration are detected by evaluating the inertia on receptive cells in the vestibular system.
  • The vestibular system has some similarities with the auditory system.
  • Identify the structures of the vestibular system that respond to gravity

• Balance and Determining Equilibrium

  • With hair cells in the inner ear that sense linear and rotational motion, the vestibular system determines equilibrium and balance states.
  • The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem and cerebellum.
  • Together, these components make up the vestibular system.
  • By comparing the relative movements of both the horizontal and vertical ampullae, the vestibular system can detect the direction of most head movements within three-dimensional (3-D) space.

• Reception

  • All bilaterally symmetric animals have a sensory system.
  • The development of any species' sensory system has been driven by natural selection; thus, sensory systems differ among species according to the demands of their environments.
  • Vestibular sensation, which is an organism's sense of spatial orientation and balance, proprioception (position of bones, joints, and muscles), and the sense of limb position that is used to track kinesthesia (limb movement) are part of somatosensation.
  • Although the sensory systems associated with these senses are very different, all share a common function: to convert a stimulus (light, sound, or the position of the body) into an electrical signal in the nervous system.
  • There are two broad types of cellular systems that perform sensory transduction.

• Female Reproductive Anatomy

  • Among the external structures are the vulva, which consists of the mons pubis, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and the vestibular glands.
  • The greater vestibular glands are found at the sides of the vaginal opening and provide lubrication during intercourse.

• Plant Tissues and Organ Systems

• Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

  • In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again.
  • In contrast to a closed system, arthropods (including insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks) have an open circulatory system.
  • An open circulatory system does not use as much energy to operate and maintain as a closed system; however, there is a trade-off with the amount of blood that can be moved to metabolically-active organs and tissues that require high levels of oxygen.
  • Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, such as this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system.
  • Arthropods, such as this bee and most mollusks, have open circulatory systems.

• The Role of the Circulatory System

  • The circulatory system can be thought of as a highway system that runs throughout the body .
  • At the core of the human circulatory system is the heart .
  • Gas exchange is one essential function of the circulatory system.
  • Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the animal body.
  • The heart is central to the human circulatory system, as it pumps blood throughout the body.

• Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

  • The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
  • The body's bones (the skeletal system), muscles (muscular system), cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together comprise the musculoskeletal system.
  • Most importantly, the system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
  • These potentially debilitating diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems.
  • The bones of the skeletal system protect the body's internal organs, support the weight of the body, and serve as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.

• Neurons and Glial Cells

  • In most types of vertebrate animals, it consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The PNS includes motor neurons (mediating voluntary movement), the autonomic nervous system (comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulate involuntary functions), and the enteric nervous system (a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system).
  • The nervous system performs several functions simultaneously.
  • Some organisms, such as sea sponges, lack a true nervous system.
  • Flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes have both a central nervous system, made up of a small "brain" and two nerve cords, and a peripheral nervous system containing a system of nerves that extend throughout the body.

• Structure and Function of the Muscular System

  • The muscular system is made up of muscle tissue and is responsible for functions such as maintenance of posture, locomotion and control of various circulatory systems.
  • The muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system in facilitating movement.
  • Both voluntary and involuntary muscular system functions are controlled by the nervous system.
  • Smooth muscle tissue is associated with numerous organs and tissue systems, such as the digestive system and respiratory system.
  • Skeletal muscle of the muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system and acts to maintain posture and control voluntary movement.