Examples of kinetic energy in the following topics:
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- The various types of energy include kinetic, potential, and chemical energy.
- Energy associated with objects in motion is called kinetic energy.
- The jet engines are converting potential energy in fuel to the kinetic energy of movement.
- Objects transfer their energy between potential and kinetic states.
- This energy is transformed into kinetic energy that allows a car to race on a racetrack.
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- The breaking of these bonds is caused by the motion (kinetic energy) of the water molecules due to the heat contained in the system.
- When the heat is raised as water is boiled, the higher kinetic energy of the water molecules causes the hydrogen bonds to break completely and allows water molecules to escape into the air as gas (steam or water vapor).
- On the other hand, when the temperature of water is reduced and water freezes, the water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen bonding (there is not enough energy to break the hydrogen bonds).
- With most other liquids, solidification when the temperature drops includes the lowering of kinetic energy between molecules, allowing them to pack even more tightly than in liquid form and giving the solid a greater density than the liquid.
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- Evaporation of water requires a substantial amount of energy due to the high heat of vaporization of water.
- As a result of the network of hydrogen bonding present between water molecules, a high input of energy is required to transform one gram of liquid water into water vapor, an energy requirement called the heat of vaporization.
- A considerable amount of heat energy (586 calories) is required to accomplish this change in water.
- Eventually, as water reaches its boiling point of 100° Celsius (212° Fahrenheit), the heat is able to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules, and the kinetic energy (motion) between the water molecules allows them to escape from the liquid as a gas.
- (a) Because of the distribution of speeds and kinetic energies, some water molecules can break away to the vapor phase even at temperatures below the ordinary boiling point.
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- While this process still consumes ATP to generate that gradient, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane, hence it is known as secondary active transport.
- This secondary process is also used to store high-energy hydrogen ions in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells for the production of ATP.
- The potential energy that accumulates in the stored hydrogen ions is translated into kinetic energy as the ions surge through the channel protein ATP synthase, and that energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.
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- Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other types of energy, such as work, and the various ways energy is transferred within chemical systems.
- Energy exists in many different forms.
- For instance, light bulbs transform electrical energy into light energy, and gas stoves transform chemical energy from natural gas into heat energy.
- Humans can convert the chemical energy in food, like this ice cream cone, into kinetic energy by riding a bicycle.
- Plants can convert electromagnetic radiation (light energy) from the sun into chemical energy.
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- All organisms require energy to complete tasks; metabolism is the set of the chemical reactions that release energy for cellular processes.
- Plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in molecules during the process of photosynthesis.
- Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed.
- Energy is needed to perform heavy labor and exercise, but humans also use a great deal of energy while thinking and even while sleeping.
- Just as energy is required to both build and demolish a building, energy is required for both the synthesis and breakdown of molecules.
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- Free energy, called Gibbs free energy (G), is usable energy or energy that is available to do work.
- Since chemical reactions release energy when energy-storing bonds are broken, how is the energy associated with chemical reactions quantified and expressed?
- A measurement of free energy is used to quantitate these energy transfers.
- In other words, Gibbs free energy is usable energy or energy that is available to do work.
- Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require energy to proceed.
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- Activation energy is the energy required for a reaction to occur, and determines its rate.
- Why would an energy-releasing, negative ∆G reaction actually require some energy to proceed?
- Since these are energy-storing bonds, they release energy when broken.
- Free energy diagrams illustrate the energy profiles for a given reaction.
- This figure implies that the activation energy is in the form of heat energy.
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- Animals use energy for metabolism, obtaining that energy from the breakdown of food through the process of cellular respiration.
- Animals need food to obtain energy and maintain homeostasis.
- Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy currency in cells.
- ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds, releasing energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken: ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group.
- ATP is the energy molecule of the cell.
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- All electromagnetic radiation, or light energy, travels at a particular wavelength and carries a certain amount of energy.
- The manner in which solar energy travels is described as waves.
- The longer the wavelength, the less energy is carried.
- Short, tight waves carry the most energy.
- The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.