innate

Examples of innate in the following topics:

• Physical and Chemical Barriers

  • The innate immune response has physical and chemical barriers that exist as the first line of defense against infectious pathogens.
  • The immune system comprises both innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Both the innate and adaptive levels of the immune response involve secreted proteins, receptor-mediated signaling, and intricate cell-to-cell communication.
  • The skin is considered the first defense of the innate immune system; it is the first of the nonspecific barrier defenses.
  • In the innate immune system, they serve to move pathogens out of the respiratory system via a concerted sweeping motion.

• The Complement System

  • The innate immune system serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body.
  • Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis (where a cell engulfs a foreign particle), cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system.
  • When innate mechanisms are insufficient to clear an infection, the adaptive immune response is informed and mobilized.

• Introduction to Animal Behavior

  • Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus and can be grouped as innate or learned.
  • One goal of behavioral biology is to distinguish the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic component and are largely independent of environmental influences, from the learned behaviors, which result from environmental conditioning.

• Simple Learned Behaviors

  • The majority of the behaviors discussed in previous sections are innate or at least have an innate component.
  • In other words, variations on the innate behaviors may be learned.

• Movement and Migration

  • Even humans, with our great capacity to learn, still exhibit a variety of innate behaviors.
  • Another activity or movement of innate behavior is kinesis: undirected movement in response to a stimulus.
  • Although migration is thought of as an innate behavior, only some migrating species always migrate (obligate migration).

• Pathogen Recognition

  • Upon pathogen entry to the body, the innate immune system uses several mechanisms to destroy the pathogen and any cells it has infected.
  • The innate immune system must respond accordingly by identifying the extracellular pathogen and/or by identifying host cells that have already been infected.
  • Interleukins are involved in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • The characteristics and location of cells involved in the innate immune system are described in this chart.
  • Describe the role of PAMPs and PRRs, interferons, and other cytokines in innate immunity

• Innate Immune Response

  • The immune response that defends against pathogens can be classified as either innate or active.
  • The innate immune response is present in its final state from birth and attempts to defend against all pathogens.
  • However, we are born with only innate immunity, developing our adaptive immune response after birth.

• Natural Killer Cells

  • Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune response that recognize abnormal MHC I molecules on infected/tumor cells and kill them.
  • While NK cells are part of the innate immune response, they are best understood relative to their counterparts in the adaptive immune response,T cells, which are also classified as lymphocytes.

• Antigen-presenting Cells: B and T cells

  • The adaptive, or acquired, immune response to an initial infection takes days or even weeks to become established, much longer than the innate response.
  • However, adaptive immunity is more specific to an invading pathogen and can fight back much more quickly than the innate response if it has seen the pathogen before.
  • The adaptive immune response activates when the innate immune response insufficiently controls an infection.
  • In fact, without information from the innate immune system, the adaptive response could not be mobilized.

• Regulating Immune Tolerance

  • The innate and adaptive immune responses discussed thus far comprise the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body), which is distinct from the mucosal immune system.
  • Mucosal immunity is formed by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, which functions independently of the systemic immune system; it has its own innate and adaptive components.